
plate no. 5149
Paul Gauguin, 1893
what to study here
It shows how flat color zones, hard edges and one red accent can organize a landscape without modeling or atmospheric gradation.
Start with the value structure. The sky, clouds and foreground field are the brightest areas, the ochre hillsides sit in the mid-darks, and a burgundy-brown mountain on the center-right is the darkest shape. Squint and the picture breaks into three horizontal zones: luminous sky, warm earth-toned middle distance, bright foreground. Crisp silhouettes separate each zone. Next, follow the pink path. It cuts diagonally through the yellow-green field to a single figure in a red dress, the one strong accent, so the eye has a clear route into the space. Notice that the paint is laid flat with little blending, and colors sit directly beside each other. Edges on trees, mountain and path are sharp and graphic, which is the cloisonnist effect. Only the sky shows some soft blending. Palm trees with orange and green fronds add vertical accents against the horizontal field. Copy the saturation as well as the shapes: the greens and yellows need to stay clean to keep the zones distinct.
key decision
Gauguin set the darkest value, the burgundy-brown mountain, against bright sky and field, and kept its silhouette crisp and unmodeled. A diagonal pink path leads from the bright foreground to the red figure.
recreation guide
Paul Gauguin’s *Tahitian Mountains* (1893) is a landscape executed in the style of Cloisonnism, a method characterized by flat areas of pure color separated by bold, heavy outlines. This approach rejects the subtle gradations of color and classical perspective typical of post-Renaissance painting, instead seeking to express the 'soul of nature' and ancient truths through calculated arrangements of line and color (Source 2, Source 5). The work likely employs the 'harmony of contrast,' where colors are intensified by their juxtaposition with complementary tones or broken with grey to avoid monotony while maintaining distinctness (Source 1). Gauguin’s practice during this period involved treating the subject as a pretext for creating visual symphonies, prioritizing emotional purity and formal decoration over realistic representation (Source 2).
estimated time
20-30 hours over 5-7 sessions
materials
5 items
steps
5 in sequence
materials
| item | purpose | modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Oil paints (pure pigments) | To create flat areas of intense, non-representational color. | High-quality artist-grade oils (e.g., Cadmium Red, Ultramarine Blue, Yellow Ochre). |
| Black pigment (e.g., Ivory Black or Lamp Black) | To create the heavy, defining outlines characteristic of Cloisonnism. | Ivory Black or Mars Black. |
| Canvas | Support for the oil medium. | Linen or cotton canvas, primed. |
| Turpentine | Thinner for initial layers and cleaning brushes. | Odorless mineral spirits or pure turpentine. |
| Earth pigments (Ochres, Umbers) | For broken tones and grounding colors, as suggested by historical palettes. | Yellow Ochre, Raw Umber, Burnt Sienna. |
preparation
surface prep
The canvas should be prepared with a standard white or off-white ground to allow for the full intensity of the oil colors. Gauguin’s move away from Impressionism involved a rejection of the 'illusion of natural appearances' in favor of painted symbols; thus, the surface should be smooth enough to support flat color application but not so glossy as to prevent the adhesion of bold outlines (Source 6).
underdrawing
Gauguin’s works in this style often show little evidence of traditional preparatory sketching visible in the final layer, as the bold outlines serve as the primary structural element. However, a light charcoal or thin wash underdrawing may be used to establish the 'major forms and upright lines' that define shape and contour, consistent with his emphasis on compositional austerity (Source 2, Source 7).
underpainting
An underpainting is likely not required in the traditional tonal sense, as Cloisonnism relies on flat color. However, a thin wash of raw umber or grey may be used to block in large areas if 'broken tones' are needed to avoid crudity, as advised in color theory texts referenced by Gauguin’s contemporaries (Source 1, Source 8).
color palette
Intense Primary/Secondary Colors
Pure pigments (e.g., Cadmium Yellow, Cobalt Blue, Vermilion).
Flat areas of color to create 'symphonies and harmonies' independent of reality (Source 2).
Black
Pure black pigment.
Heavy outlines separating color fields, reminiscent of cloisonné enameling (Source 5).
Grey/Broken Tones
Colors mixed with grey or earth tones.
Remote planes or to avoid monotony while maintaining distinctness (Source 1).
Complementary Colors
Pairs like Red/Green, Blue/Orange.
Juxtaposed to increase the brilliancy of each other through contrast (Source 4).
composition
The composition likely emphasizes 'major forms and upright lines' to clearly define shape and contour, avoiding subtle gradations (Source 2). Gauguin characteristically eliminated classical perspective, focusing instead on the arrangement of lines and colors to stimulate the imagination rather than depict reality (Source 2, Source 5). The landscape elements are likely reduced to essential shapes, harmonizing man and nature through elaborate formal decoration (Source 2).
step by step
underdrawing
step 01
Sketch the major forms of the mountains and landscape using light lines. Focus on the outline and mass rather than detail, ensuring upright lines define the shape clearly.
Tip — Do not worry about minor details; the focus is on the outlined shape (Source 7).
Contour drawing
first pass
step 02
Apply flat areas of pure color to the main sections of the landscape. Use intense colors without blending or shading, treating the color as having an independent existence.
Tip — Avoid subtle gradations; the color should be uniform within each defined area (Source 5).
Cloisonnism
refining
step 03
Apply heavy black outlines around the color fields to separate them. This mimics the cloisonné enameling technique and defines the contours sharply.
Tip — Ensure the lines are decisive and do not waver, as they replace traditional modeling (Source 5).
Bold Outlining
step 04
Adjust colors based on the law of contrast. If a color appears too crude, mix it with grey or use lighter tones. If a color needs more brilliancy, ensure it is surrounded by its complementary color.
Tip — Red beside blue verges on orange; use this optical effect to enhance vibrancy without changing the pigment (Source 4).
Harmony of Contrast
finishing
step 05
Review the overall harmony. Ensure that the arrangement of lines and colors creates a 'symphony' that stimulates the imagination rather than merely depicting the landscape.
Tip — Check that the work does not attempt to deceive the eye with illusionistic depth (Source 6).
Synthetism/Cloisonnism
critical techniques
Cloisonnism
Using flat areas of pure color separated by heavy black outlines, rejecting classical perspective and subtle gradations (Source 5).
Law of Contrast
Juxtaposing complementary colors to increase brilliancy, or using grey to break tones and avoid monotony (Source 1, Source 4).
Non-representational Color
Using color for its own vitality and to create harmonies, rather than to mimic surface reality (Source 2).
common pitfalls
what the sources don't tell us
Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.
grounded in
The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.
Laws of Contrast of Colour↗
The Science of Painting↗
The Practice of Oil Painting↗
The Practice and Science of Drawing↗
cross-referenced from
Named facts about this artwork and artist were checked against these reference pages.
Wikipedia bio — Paul Gauguin — part 25↗
Wikipedia bio — Paul Gauguin — part 6↗
Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.
what the eye sees
The composition centers on a pink path cutting diagonally through a bright yellow-green foreground field, leading to a solitary figure in a red dress—the focal point that draws the eye. Behind rise terraced hills in warm ochres and burnt sienna, topped by a dramatic dark burgundy-brown mountain that anchors the center-right. The upper third is occupied by a vivid blue sky with thick cream-colored clouds; palm trees with orange and green fronds are scattered throughout, their vertical accents counterbalancing the horizontal field. Light appears to come from the upper left, illuminating the foreground figure and the path beneath it.
value structure
The painting uses distinct value bands: the brightest lights are the sky, clouds, and foreground yellow field; mid-lights include the olive and bright greens of vegetation; mid-darks are the ochre hillsides; the darkest darks are the burgundy mountain and shadowed tree masses. When squinting, you see three major horizontal zones—the luminous sky, the warm earth-toned middle distance, and the bright foreground—with crisp silhouettes separating each.
observed palette and mixes
#714e31
Ultramarine Blue + Burnt Sienna + touch of Cadmium Red
The darkest mountain peak and shadowed tree forms
#a88442
Yellow Ochre + Burnt Sienna + white
The warm hillsides and lower mountain slopes
#c6b259
Cadmium Yellow + Yellow Ochre + white
The bright yellow-green foreground field
#59836f
Cerulean Blue + Viridian + Yellow Ochre
The muted greenery of vegetation and tree shadows
#e9da9b
Cadmium Yellow + white + touch of Ultramarine
The light-struck clouds and brightest portions of the field
#a39e64
Cadmium Yellow + Ultramarine Blue + touch of Alizarin
The olive-toned greens in the rounded tree form on the right and mid-ground foliage
edges and brushwork
This painting employs bold, deliberate edges—each form is outlined with confident brushstrokes that define the boundary between color zones. Within forms, the paint is applied flatly with minimal blending, allowing colors to sit directly adjacent. The sky shows some soft blending, but trees, mountains, and the path all have sharp, almost graphic edges that create the cloisonnist effect.
a working sequence
Sky and Clouds
Lay in the upper third with bright Cerulean or Prussian Blue. Add thick cream-colored clouds—use Titanium White with a touch of Yellow Ochre. Leave gaps of blue sky showing. The clouds should have soft edges but sit as distinct masses; the light source suggests their tops are lighter.
Mountain Silhouette
Block in the dark burgundy-brown mountain in the center-right, using your darkest mix. This shape should occupy roughly the upper-center-right quadrant. Keep the outline crisp; this is your darkest dark and will anchor the composition.
Middle-Ground Hills
Establish the warm ochre and burnt sienna hillsides that flank the mountain and recede toward the left. These should be noticeably lighter than the mountain peak but warmer than the sky. The landforms should read as rolling terrain stepping back.
Major Vegetation Masses
Place the large rounded green form on the right side and the orange-crowned palms throughout the middle distance. Use bold shapes—don't worry about detail yet. The bright yellows and greens should vibrate against the warmer earth tones behind them.
Foreground Field
Fill the lower half with your bright yellow-green, using the computed pale yellow (#e9da9b) where the field catches direct light. This should read as distinctly brighter and more saturated than the background vegetation. Maintain a horizontal sense even though the forms are stylized.
Path and Figure
Paint the salmon-pink path running diagonally from lower-center toward the middle distance, narrowing with recession. Place the figure in the red dress centered on the path—use Cadmium Red for the dress, keeping it as your eye-catching accent. The path should bridge the bright foreground to the receding landscape.
Tree Details and Foliage
Refine the palm fronds using contrasting greens and oranges; the fronds should be simplified and iconic, not botanically exact. Add darker accent strokes to define tree shadows and create depth. Pay attention to how the greens shift in temperature from the cool shadowed areas to the bright lit palms.
Unify and Accent
Step back and check value relationships—the mountain should read as the darkest major form, the foreground as the brightest. Add any final warm or cool accents where colors meet. Soften one or two edges if needed, but maintain the crisp cloisonnist character. The pink path and red figure should create a visual line drawing the viewer through space.
where studies of this painting go wrong
measured difficulty
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