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home·artworks·Tahitian mountains
Tahitian mountains by Paul Gauguin

plate no. 5149

Tahitian mountains

Paul Gauguin, 1893

oil, canvasCloisonnismlandscapemountainstreespathfigureskylandscape

what to study here

It shows how flat color zones, hard edges and one red accent can organize a landscape without modeling or atmospheric gradation.

Start with the value structure. The sky, clouds and foreground field are the brightest areas, the ochre hillsides sit in the mid-darks, and a burgundy-brown mountain on the center-right is the darkest shape. Squint and the picture breaks into three horizontal zones: luminous sky, warm earth-toned middle distance, bright foreground. Crisp silhouettes separate each zone. Next, follow the pink path. It cuts diagonally through the yellow-green field to a single figure in a red dress, the one strong accent, so the eye has a clear route into the space. Notice that the paint is laid flat with little blending, and colors sit directly beside each other. Edges on trees, mountain and path are sharp and graphic, which is the cloisonnist effect. Only the sky shows some soft blending. Palm trees with orange and green fronds add vertical accents against the horizontal field. Copy the saturation as well as the shapes: the greens and yellows need to stay clean to keep the zones distinct.

key decision

Gauguin set the darkest value, the burgundy-brown mountain, against bright sky and field, and kept its silhouette crisp and unmodeled. A diagonal pink path leads from the bright foreground to the red figure.

recreation guide

Paul Gauguin’s *Tahitian Mountains* (1893) is a landscape executed in the style of Cloisonnism, a method characterized by flat areas of pure color separated by bold, heavy outlines. This approach rejects the subtle gradations of color and classical perspective typical of post-Renaissance painting, instead seeking to express the 'soul of nature' and ancient truths through calculated arrangements of line and color (Source 2, Source 5). The work likely employs the 'harmony of contrast,' where colors are intensified by their juxtaposition with complementary tones or broken with grey to avoid monotony while maintaining distinctness (Source 1). Gauguin’s practice during this period involved treating the subject as a pretext for creating visual symphonies, prioritizing emotional purity and formal decoration over realistic representation (Source 2).

estimated time

20-30 hours over 5-7 sessions

materials

5 items

steps

5 in sequence

materials

itempurposemodern equivalent
Oil paints (pure pigments)To create flat areas of intense, non-representational color.High-quality artist-grade oils (e.g., Cadmium Red, Ultramarine Blue, Yellow Ochre).
Black pigment (e.g., Ivory Black or Lamp Black)To create the heavy, defining outlines characteristic of Cloisonnism.Ivory Black or Mars Black.
CanvasSupport for the oil medium.Linen or cotton canvas, primed.
TurpentineThinner for initial layers and cleaning brushes.Odorless mineral spirits or pure turpentine.
Earth pigments (Ochres, Umbers)For broken tones and grounding colors, as suggested by historical palettes.Yellow Ochre, Raw Umber, Burnt Sienna.

preparation

surface prep

The canvas should be prepared with a standard white or off-white ground to allow for the full intensity of the oil colors. Gauguin’s move away from Impressionism involved a rejection of the 'illusion of natural appearances' in favor of painted symbols; thus, the surface should be smooth enough to support flat color application but not so glossy as to prevent the adhesion of bold outlines (Source 6).

underdrawing

Gauguin’s works in this style often show little evidence of traditional preparatory sketching visible in the final layer, as the bold outlines serve as the primary structural element. However, a light charcoal or thin wash underdrawing may be used to establish the 'major forms and upright lines' that define shape and contour, consistent with his emphasis on compositional austerity (Source 2, Source 7).

underpainting

An underpainting is likely not required in the traditional tonal sense, as Cloisonnism relies on flat color. However, a thin wash of raw umber or grey may be used to block in large areas if 'broken tones' are needed to avoid crudity, as advised in color theory texts referenced by Gauguin’s contemporaries (Source 1, Source 8).

color palette

Intense Primary/Secondary Colors

Pure pigments (e.g., Cadmium Yellow, Cobalt Blue, Vermilion).

Flat areas of color to create 'symphonies and harmonies' independent of reality (Source 2).

Black

Pure black pigment.

Heavy outlines separating color fields, reminiscent of cloisonné enameling (Source 5).

Grey/Broken Tones

Colors mixed with grey or earth tones.

Remote planes or to avoid monotony while maintaining distinctness (Source 1).

Complementary Colors

Pairs like Red/Green, Blue/Orange.

Juxtaposed to increase the brilliancy of each other through contrast (Source 4).

composition

The composition likely emphasizes 'major forms and upright lines' to clearly define shape and contour, avoiding subtle gradations (Source 2). Gauguin characteristically eliminated classical perspective, focusing instead on the arrangement of lines and colors to stimulate the imagination rather than depict reality (Source 2, Source 5). The landscape elements are likely reduced to essential shapes, harmonizing man and nature through elaborate formal decoration (Source 2).

step by step

underdrawing→first pass→refining→finishing

underdrawing

  1. step 01

    Sketch the major forms of the mountains and landscape using light lines. Focus on the outline and mass rather than detail, ensuring upright lines define the shape clearly.

    Tip — Do not worry about minor details; the focus is on the outlined shape (Source 7).

    Contour drawing

first pass

  1. step 02

    Apply flat areas of pure color to the main sections of the landscape. Use intense colors without blending or shading, treating the color as having an independent existence.

    Tip — Avoid subtle gradations; the color should be uniform within each defined area (Source 5).

    Cloisonnism

refining

  1. step 03

    Apply heavy black outlines around the color fields to separate them. This mimics the cloisonné enameling technique and defines the contours sharply.

    Tip — Ensure the lines are decisive and do not waver, as they replace traditional modeling (Source 5).

    Bold Outlining

  2. step 04

    Adjust colors based on the law of contrast. If a color appears too crude, mix it with grey or use lighter tones. If a color needs more brilliancy, ensure it is surrounded by its complementary color.

    Tip — Red beside blue verges on orange; use this optical effect to enhance vibrancy without changing the pigment (Source 4).

    Harmony of Contrast

finishing

  1. step 05

    Review the overall harmony. Ensure that the arrangement of lines and colors creates a 'symphony' that stimulates the imagination rather than merely depicting the landscape.

    Tip — Check that the work does not attempt to deceive the eye with illusionistic depth (Source 6).

    Synthetism/Cloisonnism

critical techniques

Cloisonnism

Using flat areas of pure color separated by heavy black outlines, rejecting classical perspective and subtle gradations (Source 5).

Law of Contrast

Juxtaposing complementary colors to increase brilliancy, or using grey to break tones and avoid monotony (Source 1, Source 4).

Non-representational Color

Using color for its own vitality and to create harmonies, rather than to mimic surface reality (Source 2).

common pitfalls

  • →Attempting to blend colors or create realistic shading, which contradicts the Cloisonnist style (Source 5).
  • →Using colors that are too crude or intense without balancing them with grey or complementary contrasts (Source 1).
  • →Focusing on realistic perspective instead of the arrangement of lines and colors for emotional effect (Source 2, Source 5).
  • →Putting down paint with obvious errors in construction, as correcting in paint is fatal to lucidity (Source 8).

what the sources don't tell us

Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.

  • ·Specific color choices for *Tahitian Mountains* are not detailed in the sources; the guide relies on Gauguin’s general palette and Cloisonnist principles.
  • ·The exact composition of the mountains (e.g., specific shapes, presence of figures) is not described in the sources, so the guide focuses on general compositional habits.
  • ·Specific brush types or stroke techniques are not detailed, though the emphasis is on flat application.

grounded in

The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.

  • Laws of Contrast of Colour↗

    • Harmony of Contrast — applied to Color mixing and contrast adjustments.
  • The Science of Painting↗

    • The Laws of Colouring — applied to Optical effects of complementary colors.
  • The Practice of Oil Painting↗

    • Painting from Life — applied to Warning against correcting errors in paint.
  • The Practice and Science of Drawing↗

    • Materials — applied to Philosophy of medium and avoiding illusionism.

cross-referenced from

Named facts about this artwork and artist were checked against these reference pages.

  • Wikipedia bio — Paul Gauguin — part 25↗

    • Artistic evolution — applied to Overview, color philosophy, and rejection of realism.
  • Wikipedia bio — Paul Gauguin — part 6↗

    • Cloisonnism — applied to Technique of flat color and bold outlines.

Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.

read from the painting

observed from the image, not the label
6 dominant colors, measured

what the eye sees

The composition centers on a pink path cutting diagonally through a bright yellow-green foreground field, leading to a solitary figure in a red dress—the focal point that draws the eye. Behind rise terraced hills in warm ochres and burnt sienna, topped by a dramatic dark burgundy-brown mountain that anchors the center-right. The upper third is occupied by a vivid blue sky with thick cream-colored clouds; palm trees with orange and green fronds are scattered throughout, their vertical accents counterbalancing the horizontal field. Light appears to come from the upper left, illuminating the foreground figure and the path beneath it.

value structure

The painting uses distinct value bands: the brightest lights are the sky, clouds, and foreground yellow field; mid-lights include the olive and bright greens of vegetation; mid-darks are the ochre hillsides; the darkest darks are the burgundy mountain and shadowed tree masses. When squinting, you see three major horizontal zones—the luminous sky, the warm earth-toned middle distance, and the bright foreground—with crisp silhouettes separating each.

observed palette and mixes

  • #714e31

    Ultramarine Blue + Burnt Sienna + touch of Cadmium Red

    The darkest mountain peak and shadowed tree forms

  • #a88442

    Yellow Ochre + Burnt Sienna + white

    The warm hillsides and lower mountain slopes

  • #c6b259

    Cadmium Yellow + Yellow Ochre + white

    The bright yellow-green foreground field

  • #59836f

    Cerulean Blue + Viridian + Yellow Ochre

    The muted greenery of vegetation and tree shadows

  • #e9da9b

    Cadmium Yellow + white + touch of Ultramarine

    The light-struck clouds and brightest portions of the field

  • #a39e64

    Cadmium Yellow + Ultramarine Blue + touch of Alizarin

    The olive-toned greens in the rounded tree form on the right and mid-ground foliage

edges and brushwork

This painting employs bold, deliberate edges—each form is outlined with confident brushstrokes that define the boundary between color zones. Within forms, the paint is applied flatly with minimal blending, allowing colors to sit directly adjacent. The sky shows some soft blending, but trees, mountains, and the path all have sharp, almost graphic edges that create the cloisonnist effect.

a working sequence

  1. 01

    Sky and Clouds

    Lay in the upper third with bright Cerulean or Prussian Blue. Add thick cream-colored clouds—use Titanium White with a touch of Yellow Ochre. Leave gaps of blue sky showing. The clouds should have soft edges but sit as distinct masses; the light source suggests their tops are lighter.

  2. 02

    Mountain Silhouette

    Block in the dark burgundy-brown mountain in the center-right, using your darkest mix. This shape should occupy roughly the upper-center-right quadrant. Keep the outline crisp; this is your darkest dark and will anchor the composition.

  3. 03

    Middle-Ground Hills

    Establish the warm ochre and burnt sienna hillsides that flank the mountain and recede toward the left. These should be noticeably lighter than the mountain peak but warmer than the sky. The landforms should read as rolling terrain stepping back.

  4. 04

    Major Vegetation Masses

    Place the large rounded green form on the right side and the orange-crowned palms throughout the middle distance. Use bold shapes—don't worry about detail yet. The bright yellows and greens should vibrate against the warmer earth tones behind them.

  5. 05

    Foreground Field

    Fill the lower half with your bright yellow-green, using the computed pale yellow (#e9da9b) where the field catches direct light. This should read as distinctly brighter and more saturated than the background vegetation. Maintain a horizontal sense even though the forms are stylized.

  6. 06

    Path and Figure

    Paint the salmon-pink path running diagonally from lower-center toward the middle distance, narrowing with recession. Place the figure in the red dress centered on the path—use Cadmium Red for the dress, keeping it as your eye-catching accent. The path should bridge the bright foreground to the receding landscape.

  7. 07

    Tree Details and Foliage

    Refine the palm fronds using contrasting greens and oranges; the fronds should be simplified and iconic, not botanically exact. Add darker accent strokes to define tree shadows and create depth. Pay attention to how the greens shift in temperature from the cool shadowed areas to the bright lit palms.

  8. 08

    Unify and Accent

    Step back and check value relationships—the mountain should read as the darkest major form, the foreground as the brightest. Add any final warm or cool accents where colors meet. Soften one or two edges if needed, but maintain the crisp cloisonnist character. The pink path and red figure should create a visual line drawing the viewer through space.

where studies of this painting go wrong

  • Muddying the greens and yellows by over-mixing or using earth-tone greens instead of more saturated hues—this painting's tropical saturation is essential to its character
  • Making the foreground field and background vegetation too similar in hue; they must read as clearly separate zones with the bright lime-yellow field advancing
  • Losing the silhouette of the mountain by softening its edges or adding modeling that breaks the shape—keep it boldly simplified
  • Placing the figure too large or too central; it should feel intimate and present but not dominate—it's a human scale within the landscape

measured difficulty

beginner friendliness
value contrast
palette complexity
compositional simplicity
brushwork visibility

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