Portrait of Ludwig Schames

Begin by sketching the basic shapes of the face, head, and beard.

Define the main areas of light and shadow.

Start filling in the darkest areas with solid black.

Use hatching and cross-hatching to create the mid-tones and textures in the beard and hair.

Pay attention to the direction of the lines to convey form.

Add details to the face, such as the eyes, nose, and mouth, using varying line weights.

Refine the overall composition and adjust the values as needed.