
plate no. 3963
Petros Malayan, 1973
what to study here
It shows how an expressionist street scene can be organized with four value bands, a warm-cool balance, and a single area of sharper edges.
The main lesson here is how a warm, earth-dominated street scene is held together by a few controlled contrasts. Ochres, browns and rusts fill the left side, and a cool slate-blue sky across the upper third balances them. Light comes from the upper left and drops deep shadows under the eaves, so the roofs and window voids carry the darkest darks. The street reads as a mid-tone band between dark foreground shadows and lighter background buildings. Look at the value structure: about four bands (very dark, dark, mid-tone, light), with the lightest notes in the street surface, the cream car and the pale green corner building's lit plane. That green building is the focal accent, and its edges are slightly sharper than anywhere else. Elsewhere edges are soft, and they get softer into the distant buildings, which is how depth is made. Brushwork is directional and follows the building planes. Windows and doors are quick marks, not drawn grids. The small figures are economical accents. Study how little is resolved and how much still reads.
key decision
The painter kept edges soft and brushwork directional across most of the scene, and saved the sharpest edges for the pale green corner building so it becomes the focal point. The cool slate-blue sky is set against the warm earth palette to balance it.
recreation guide
Olshtin Street (1973) by Petros Malayan is an expressionist cityscape executed in oil. As a cityscape, it falls within the tradition of depicting urban landscapes, potentially including hardscapes such as streets and sidewalks (Source 3). The work is characterized by the expressive capacity of oil paint, which allows for adjustments in translucency, sheen, and the density or 'body' of the paint to convey emotion rather than strict topographical accuracy (Source 1). The composition likely utilizes principles of visual ordering, such as line, shape, and value, to organize the urban elements into a coherent whole (Source 4).
estimated time
20-30 hours over 5-7 sessions
materials
8 items
steps
6 in sequence
materials
| item | purpose | modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Canvas | Support for the oil painting | — |
| Oil paints | Primary medium for color and texture | — |
| Linseed oil | Medium to thin paint and increase oil content for 'fat over lean' rule | — |
| Mineral spirits or turpentine | Solvent to thin paint for initial layers and clean brushes | — |
| Charcoal or thinned paint | For initial sketching of the subject onto the canvas | — |
| Paintbrushes | Primary tool for transferring paint to the surface | — |
| Palette knives | Alternative application tool for scraping or applying thick paint | — |
| Rags | For cleaning brushes or removing wet paint layers | — |
preparation
surface prep
The canvas should be primed to accept oil paint. While specific priming methods for Malayan are not detailed in the sources, traditional oil painting techniques assume a prepared surface to prevent oil absorption issues (Source 1).
underdrawing
Begin by sketching the subject onto the canvas using charcoal or thinned paint, as is traditional in oil painting techniques (Source 1). This establishes the basic layout of the cityscape elements.
underpainting
Consider creating a monochrome underpainting (grisaille) to establish values before applying color. This technique involves mentally extracting red and yellow colors to translate what would be left in nature, providing a foundation for subsequent glazing and scumbling (Source 2).
color palette
General Earth Tones
Umbers, Ochres, Siennas
General use in establishing the urban landscape and hardscapes
Cool Grays/Blues
Ultramarine, White, Black
Sky and atmospheric conditions, consistent with landscape traditions (Source 5)
Warm Accents
Reds, Yellows
Glazing and scumbling to add warmth and depth, as suggested by traditional methods (Source 2)
composition
Organize the artwork using elements of design such as line, shape, color, texture, value, form, and space (Source 4). Ensure there is a center of interest to prevent the work from becoming merely a pattern, and avoid exact bisections of the picture space (Source 8). The horizon line should be positioned to emphasize either the sky or the ground, rather than dividing the artwork in two equal parts (Source 8).
step by step
underdrawing
step 01
Sketch the cityscape layout onto the canvas using charcoal or thinned paint.
Tip — Keep lines light to allow for adjustments.
Traditional sketching
underpainting
step 02
Apply a monochrome underpainting (grisaille) to establish values, excluding red and yellow tones initially.
Tip — Ensure this layer is completely dry before proceeding.
Grisaille
first pass
step 03
Apply initial layers of paint using a 'lean' mixture (more solvent, less oil) to establish basic colors and forms.
Tip — Follow the rule that each additional layer should contain more oil than the layer below to prevent cracking.
Fat over lean
refining
step 04
Use glazing (transparent coats of color) and scumbling (semi-opaque painting) to add depth and color variation, particularly introducing red and yellow tones.
Tip — Scumbling over a darker ground can create a grey bloom or coldness effect.
Glazing and Scumbling
finishing
step 05
Adjust texture and form using palette knives or brushes, taking advantage of oil paint's long drying time.
Tip — Oil paint remains wet longer than other materials, allowing for changes to color, texture, or form.
Palette knife application
varnishing
step 06
Apply varnish after the painting is fully dry (typically two weeks) to protect the surface and unify the sheen.
Tip — Ensure the painting is completely dry to the touch before varnishing.
Varnishing
critical techniques
Fat over Lean
Each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying and prevent cracking.
Glazing and Scumbling
Glazing applies transparent coats of color, while scumbling applies semi-opaque paint, allowing the underlying layer to show through.
Palette Knife Usage
Used for applying paint or scraping off layers, offering control over texture and form.
common pitfalls
what the sources don't tell us
Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.
grounded in
The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.
The Practice of Oil Painting↗
cross-referenced from
Named facts about this artwork and artist were checked against these reference pages.
Wikipedia: Oil painting↗
Wikipedia: Landscape painting↗
Wikipedia: Composition (visual arts)↗
Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.
what the eye sees
This expressionist street scene shows a diagonal urban thoroughfare descending into space, flanked by buildings in warm ochres, browns, and rusts on the left, with a distinctive pale green corner building anchoring the center-right. Light falls from the upper left, casting deep shadows under eaves and creating strong chiaroscuro on the building planes. A cream-colored car sits in the middle distance, drawing the eye along the street's receding line, while small human figures animate the right edge and middle ground. The slate-blue sky occupies the upper third, its cool tone vital to balancing the warm earth palette.
value structure
Darkest darks cluster in the deep brown rooflines and shadows cast beneath the eaves; the lightest lights appear in the street surface, the car, and patches of pale building faces. There are approximately four distinct value bands: very dark (roofs, window voids), dark (shadowed building sides), mid-tone (most building faces and street), and light (sky, car, pale green building's lit plane). Squinting reveals the street as a cohesive mid-tone river between darker foreground shadows and the lighter background buildings.
observed palette and mixes
#3c3f3b
Ultramarine + Burnt Sienna + touch of Ivory Black
Deepest roof shadows and window voids throughout
#4f4738
Burnt Sienna + Ultramarine
Dark shadowed faces on left buildings and roof undersides
#655f4b
Yellow Ochre + Burnt Sienna + Cerulean
Warm middle-toned roof planes and building faces
#71705a
Yellow Ochre + Raw Sienna + Ultramarine
Mid-tone building planes and some street areas
#888b70
Raw Sienna + Cerulean + touch of Cadmium Yellow
Pale green building lit face, lighter street passages
#FFD700
Cadmium Yellow + Raw Sienna
The yellow building's sunlit left face
edges and brushwork
Edges are predominantly soft and blurred, with painterly strokes visible throughout—characteristic of expressionist execution. Brushwork is energetic and directional, following building planes and architectural forms rather than defining crisp lines. Windows and door openings are suggested with swift, confident marks rather than rendered; the actual edges shift from slightly sharper at the green corner building to very soft in the distant background buildings.
a working sequence
Establish the architectural skeleton
Lightly sketch the street's diagonal recession and the major building silhouettes—the yellow mass on the left, the green corner building, the brown structures right and center, and the taller buildings receding behind. Use a hard pencil and keep lines loose; you're capturing proportions and the street's perspective line, not detail.
Lay down the sky and establish atmospheric tone
Apply a soft, warm-leaning slate blue across the upper portion and fade it into the buildings at the horizon. This sky color will unify the composition and should be visible in shadows and reflected colors. Don't make it pure blue—it reads as grey-blue with ochre undertones.
Block in major value masses with thin washes
Use loose, directional washes to establish the shadow and lit sides of buildings: warm mid-tones for lit faces, darker browns and ochres for shadowed sides. The yellow building should read as light and warm; the rooflines as distinctly darker. Pay attention to the value drop between the street surface (mid-tone) and the deep roof shadows.
Develop the focal green building and establish color accents
Paint the pale green corner building's lit plane—this is a key focal point and color note. Layer a warmer ochre-tan for its shadowed side. Reinforce the yellow building's warmth on the left. These color accents should feel distinct but harmonious within the earth-tone dominated palette.
Suggest windows, doors, and architectural detail
Add dark window marks and door shapes as loose, gestural strokes—they should read as voids, not rendered forms. Use a small brush or the edge of a larger one; vary the size and spacing so no building looks too uniform. Don't worry about perfect alignment; expressionistic character thrives on slight irregularity.
Place the street and its elements
Reinforce the street surface with warmer mid-tones in the foreground fading toward cooler greys in the distance. Position the cream car as a small geometric accent in the middle distance. Scatter small figures on the right edge and middle distance—quick, economical marks of tan, white, and dark ochre. These should feel spontaneous, not labored.
Soften edges and knit the composition together
Step back and blend harsh transitions between building planes using a moist, clean brush. Soften the building-to-sky edge, especially in the background. Ensure the roof shadows feel integrated into the overall dark mass rather than isolated shapes. Add final warmth or coolness to ground edges where foreground meets middle ground.
Final texture and atmospheric adjustment
Add loose, directional hatching or texture strokes to roofplanes and building faces, following the form. Ensure the distant background buildings are visibly softer and lighter than foreground structures. Check that the palette holds together—warm ochres and browns should dominate, with green and blue as strategic balancing accents.
where studies of this painting go wrong
measured difficulty
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