
plate no. 5120
Petros Malayan, 1986
what to study here
It shows how a limited warm palette, a clear three-zone value plan and economical marks can carry strong perspective depth in an expressionist street scene.
Look at how the street is built as a canyon. Buildings on both sides converge toward a distant tower, and the eye follows that recession inward. The value structure has three zones: a light sky and bright upper wall faces, a dominant mid-tone of warm beige and ochre walls, and deep darks under eaves, in window recesses and along street edges. Squint and the street reads as shadow stepping back into the distance. Light comes from above and left, so the shadows under the eaves carry much of the drawing. The palette is narrow and earthy, with a cobalt sky above and green-tinted shadows at the building bases. Note the edge control: hard edges where rooflines meet the sky, softer edges in the street shadows and recesses. Windows are suggested with quick gestural marks, not drawn out. Study how little is stated and how much the value pattern does, and how the tower stays readable as the endpoint of the perspective.
key decision
The painter kept most of the picture in warm mid-tones and reserved the deepest darks for eaves, window recesses and street edges. This lets converging shadows push the eye to the distant tower.
recreation guide
Kond Street (1986) by Petros Malayan is an expressionist cityscape executed in oil. As an expressionist work, it likely prioritizes emotional experience and subjective interpretation over strict realism, utilizing bold brushwork and dynamic composition to convey the atmosphere of the urban environment. The painting adheres to traditional oil painting principles, where the medium's slow drying time allows for manipulation of texture and form, essential for the expressive style characteristic of this genre. The composition likely employs asymmetrical balance and varied spatial intervals to guide the viewer’s eye through the streetscape, avoiding static or bisected layouts.
estimated time
20-30 hours over 5-7 sessions
materials
7 items
steps
6 in sequence
materials
| item | purpose | modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Oil paints (artist grade) | Primary medium for color and texture application | — |
| Linseed oil | Medium to thin paint and increase oil content for 'fat over lean' layering | — |
| Mineral spirits or turpentine | Solvent for thinning initial layers, cleaning brushes, and removing wet paint if necessary | — |
| Canvas | Support surface for the painting | — |
| Charcoal or thinned paint | For initial sketching and underdrawing | — |
| Palette knives and rags | For applying paint, scraping off layers, and adjusting texture | — |
| Cold wax or resins (optional) | To adjust translucency, sheen, and body of the paint for expressive effect | — |
preparation
surface prep
The canvas should be primed with a traditional ground suitable for oil painting. While specific preparation for Malayan is not detailed in the sources, standard practice involves ensuring a stable surface to prevent cracking. The 'fat over lean' rule must be respected from the start, meaning the initial layers should be leaner (more solvent) than subsequent layers (Source 1).
underdrawing
Begin by sketching the subject onto the canvas using charcoal or thinned paint (Source 1). For an expressionist cityscape, contour drawing techniques may be useful to emphasize the mass and volume of buildings and streets rather than minute details, focusing on the outlined shapes and three-dimensional perspective (Source 6). The drawing should establish the composition, ensuring the center of interest is off-center and avoiding exact bisections of the picture space (Source 3).
underpainting
Consider using a monochrome underpainting (grisaille) to establish values and forms before applying color. This technique involves painting in a single hue or neutral tones to define light and shadow. Once dry, this layer can be glazed and scumbled with color (Source 2). This approach helps in managing the complexity of the cityscape and allows for adjustments in tone before committing to full color.
color palette
Ultramarine
Ultramarine pigment
General use in establishing cool tones and shadows, consistent with traditional oil painting practices
White
Titanium or Zinc white
Highlighting and mixing to adjust value and opacity
Black
Ivory or Mars black
Deep shadows and defining contours
Red and Yellow tones
Various red and yellow pigments
Glazing and scumbling to add warmth and vibrancy, particularly in areas where light interacts with surfaces
composition
The composition should avoid exact bisections and place the prominent subject off-center to create dynamic balance (Source 3). Use varied spaces between objects to prevent monotony and guide the viewer's eye around the work before leading it out (Source 3). Contrast detailed areas with 'rest' areas to direct attention, and ensure the horizon line is positioned to emphasize either the sky or the ground, rather than dividing the canvas equally (Source 3).
step by step
underdrawing
step 01
Sketch the cityscape onto the canvas using charcoal or thinned paint, focusing on the main structures and perspective lines.
Tip — Emphasize mass and volume over detail; ensure the composition is asymmetrical.
Contour drawing
underpainting
step 02
Apply a monochrome underpainting (grisaille) to establish values and forms. Use lean paint (mixed with solvent) for this initial layer.
Tip — Allow this layer to dry completely before proceeding to avoid muddying the colors.
Grisaille
first pass
step 03
Begin applying color using glazing and scumbling techniques. Glaze with transparent coats of color, and scumble with semi-opaque paint to allow the underpainting to show through.
Tip — Start with oil as a medium; ensure each layer is 'fatter' (more oil) than the previous one.
Glazing and Scumbling
refining
step 04
Adjust colors, textures, and forms as needed. Use palette knives to scrape off paint or apply thick impasto for expressive texture.
Tip — Oil paint remains wet longer, allowing for changes; use rags and turpentine to remove wet paint if necessary.
Palette knife application
finishing
step 05
Add final details and highlights. Ensure the center of interest is well-defined and that the composition leads the eye effectively.
Tip — Use high-contrast elements to draw attention to key areas.
Detailing
varnishing
step 06
Once the painting is completely dry (usually within two weeks), apply a varnish to protect the surface and enhance the colors.
Tip — Ensure the painting is fully dry to prevent trapping solvents.
Varnishing
critical techniques
Fat over Lean
Each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to prevent cracking and peeling. This is a fundamental rule in oil painting.
Glazing and Scumbling
Glazing involves applying transparent coats of color, while scumbling uses semi-opaque paint to allow the underpainting to show through. These techniques help in building depth and luminosity.
Contour Drawing
Used in the underdrawing phase to emphasize the mass and volume of the cityscape elements, focusing on outlines and three-dimensional form.
common pitfalls
what the sources don't tell us
Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.
grounded in
The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.
The Practice of Oil Painting↗
cross-referenced from
Named facts about this artwork and artist were checked against these reference pages.
Wikipedia: Oil painting↗
Wikipedia: Composition (visual arts)↗
Wikipedia: Contour drawing↗
Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.
what the eye sees
A narrow street recedes sharply into the distance, lined with compact buildings that create a canyon-like passage toward a distant tower. Light comes from above and to the left, casting deep shadows under building eaves and across the street floor. The eye is drawn inward by the converging lines of the buildings and the street. Warm beige and ochre walls dominate, while the cobalt sky glows above and green-tinted shadows anchor the street and building bases.
value structure
The composition organizes into three distinct zones: the light sky and bright upper building faces, the dominant mid-tone warm walls filling most of the composition, and deep darks anchoring shadows under eaves, window recesses, and street edges. When you squint, the street reads as a progression of shadow receding into distance. Mid-tones provide the visual mass; contrast is created by the framing lights and surrounding darks.
observed palette and mixes
#908e7a
Khaki + touch of ultramarine
Bright illuminated building faces, particularly the right side and walls catching direct light
#a3997f
Light raw sienna + white (pale warm tan)
Lighter building wall areas and highlights where warm light falls
#6f6448
Raw sienna + yellow ochre
Golden warm tones throughout buildings and the street floor in mid-lit areas
#7f7a63
Raw sienna + ultramarine (warm olive-khaki)
Middle tones of buildings, transition areas between light and shadow
#5a5743
Raw umber + ultramarine (olive-brown)
Shadow underpainting and muted accents in recessed building areas
#3d3b2f
Burnt umber + ultramarine (deep brown-black)
Deep shadows under eaves, window openings, and dark accents defining architectural forms
edges and brushwork
Edges are hard where building silhouettes meet the sky, creating crisp architectural definition. Street shadows and recessed building areas feature soft, blended edges created by wet-into-wet watercolor technique. The brushwork is expressionistic and economical throughout—quick gestural marks suggest windows and architectural details rather than render them precisely. The paper texture shows through transparent washes, contributing to the spontaneous, gestural energy.
a working sequence
Establish perspective and composition
Lightly sketch the street receding toward the tower, building silhouettes on both sides, and the horizon line. Keep your line work minimal and tentative—just enough to guide washes. Pay careful attention to the converging angles of buildings as they retreat; this perspective is your compositional foundation.
Lay the sky and establish mood
Apply a generous cobalt blue wash across the top, working quickly while the paper is wet. Allow the color to soften toward the horizon. Leave lighter blue near the very top; let warm paper tone show through near the horizon where sky meets buildings. This creates atmospheric depth immediately.
Block the street floor and shadows
Using a warm green-brown mixture (raw sienna plus ultramarine, or yellow ochre plus ultramarine), paint the street and shadow areas. Follow the perspective lines into the distance. Work wet-into-wet, allowing colors to blend and soften. The street should feel like it's receding, deepening in value as it retreats.
Establish warm building masses
Apply golden, khaki, and pale tan tones to the illuminated building fronts. Use varied ochres and siennas—raw sienna, yellow ochre, light khaki—to create subtle warm shifts across the buildings without making them look artificially striped. Work expressively around the tower and deep shadow areas. Let colors blend and drift slightly.
Define shadows and architectural recession
Drop dark olive-brown and deep brown mixtures (raw umber plus ultramarine, burnt umber) into the shadows under eaves, between building sections, and in window recesses. These darks should blend slightly with the underpainting beneath, creating soft transitions that suggest depth. Add the deep greenish tones visible on the left building's shadow-facing wall.
Suggest windows and architectural accent
With quick, minimal marks in dark brown or deep blue, indicate window openings as dark rectangular shapes or lines. Don't render them realistically—a few gestural marks or a shadow shape is enough. Add a touch of warm yellow or cool blue to suggest panes catching light. These details should feel suggested, not labored.
Strengthen value contrast and focal point
Intensify the darkest shadows to create stronger separation between light and dark areas, particularly under major eaves and in the tower's recessed portions. Ensure the distant tower reads clearly as the composition's focal point. Add crisp accent marks where building edges catch light. Verify that the street's perspective is convincing by checking that shadow values deepen and darken as they recede.
Unify and preserve expressiveness
Step back and view the whole piece. Add final color notes—perhaps a subtle green glaze in select shadows or a warm touch to light-struck walls to increase cohesion. Preserve the spontaneous, loose quality; avoid overblending. The goal is to capture the light, mood, and atmosphere of the scene rather than render architectural precision.
where studies of this painting go wrong
measured difficulty
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