
plate no. 5485
Gustav Klimt, 1908
what to study here
It shows how hard-edged pattern, soft modeled skin and dotted meadow can share a narrow value range and still read clearly.
The useful lesson here is how two kinds of mark-making sit side by side on one surface. The vision guide describes the man's robe as a strict grid of black and white rectangles and outlined boxes, with crisp, nearly mechanical lines and hard transitions. The woman's robe uses spiraling circles and small repeated motifs in gold and jewel tones. Against both, the faces and hands are pale and softly blended, with rounded edges where planes meet. Study how that edge contrast keeps the faces readable inside so much ornament. Then look at value. The range is narrow, mid to light, because the golden field fills the upper two-thirds. The flower meadow at the base reads darker than the background despite its bright local colors, and it is built from stippled and dotted dabs rather than individual flowers. Squint and the picture reduces to two pale silhouettes in a golden envelope on a green-purple base. Separation comes from hue intensity, not tonal drama. Try a small study of just the edge transitions between skin, pattern and background.
key decision
The painter handled the faces with soft, blended edges and the robes with crisp, near-mechanical pattern lines, so the skin stays legible against the ornament. Separation relies on hue intensity within a narrow mid-to-light value range.
From the record
from the sources
The Kiss is an oil-on-canvas painting that also includes added gold leaf, silver and platinum. en.wikipedia.org
“The Kiss (German: Der Kuss) is an oil-on-canvas painting with added gold leaf, silver and platinum by the Austrian Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt.”
The painting was made during 1907 and 1908, in Klimt's so-called Golden Period. en.wikipedia.org
“It was painted at some point in 1907 and 1908, during the height of what scholars call his "Golden Period".”
The painting was first exhibited in 1908 under the title Liebespaar, as recorded in the exhibition catalogue. en.wikipedia.org
“It was exhibited in 1908 under the title Liebespaar (the lovers) as stated in the catalogue of the exhibition.”
The painting is held in the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere in the Upper Belvedere Palace in Vienna. en.wikipedia.org
“The painting now hangs in the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere museum in the Upper Belvedere Palace in Vienna, and is considered a masterpiece of Vienna Secession”
The Austrian government bought the painting while it was still unfinished, when it went on public exhibition. en.wikipedia.org
“The Kiss, however, was enthusiastically received, and was purchased, still unfinished, by the Austrian government when it was put on public exhibition.”
Klimt's use of gold leaf was inspired by his 1903 trip to Italy, where he saw the Byzantine mosaics at San Vitale in Ravenna. en.wikipedia.org
“Klimt's use of gold leaf in paintings was inspired by a trip he made to Italy in 1903.”
The painting shows a couple embracing, with the man bending his face down to kiss the woman's cheek. en.wikipedia.org
“The man's face is not shown to the audience and instead, his face is bent downward to press a kiss to the woman's cheek, and his hands are cradling the woman's face.”
The Kiss was shown at the 1908 Kunstschau in Vienna. en.wikipedia.org
“The Kiss was exhibited in 1908 in Vienna in the Kunstschau”
recreation guide
The Kiss (1908) is a defining work of Gustav Klimt’s 'Golden Phase,' characterized by the unprecedented integration of gold leaf into oil painting to create a flat, decorative surface that evokes Byzantine mosaics and medieval illuminated manuscripts (Source 1, Source 2). The artwork captures the fin-de-siecle spirit through opulent, sensuous imagery, blending Art Nouveau organic forms with a simplified composition influenced by Japanese prints (Source 1). The painting is noted for its lack of traditional perspective and depth, prioritizing pattern and symbolic ornamentation over realistic spatial representation (Source 1, Source 2).
estimated time
40-60 hours over 8-12 sessions (due to the complexity of applying gold leaf and the slow drying time of oil layers required for 'fat over lean' application)
materials
7 items
steps
6 in sequence
materials
| item | purpose | modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Gold leaf (23-24 karat) | To create the background and decorative elements, mimicking Byzantine mosaics and medieval gold-ground paintings. | Standard gold leaf sheets or gold leaf flakes. |
| Oil paints (Yellow ochre, vermilion, ultramarine, white, black) | For underpainting, flesh tones, and clothing details. Klimt’s palette often relied on strong contrasts and symbolic colors. | Artist-grade oil paints. |
| Linseed oil | Medium to thin paints and ensure proper drying ('fat over lean' rule). | Refined linseed oil. |
| Mineral spirits or turpentine | Solvent for cleaning brushes and thinning initial layers. | Odorless mineral spirits. |
| Canvas or wood panel | Support surface. Klimt often used canvas for large works. | Primed linen or cotton canvas. |
| Charcoal or thinned paint | For initial sketching of the composition. | Vine charcoal or diluted oil paint. |
| Size (rabbit skin glue or acrylic gesso) | To prepare the surface for gold leaf adhesion. | Acrylic gesso or traditional rabbit skin glue. |
preparation
surface prep
Prepare the canvas with a smooth ground. Klimt’s work requires a flat surface to accommodate the application of gold leaf, which recalls the flatness of Byzantine mosaics he admired in Ravenna (Source 1). Ensure the surface is sealed and dry before applying any size for the gold leaf.
underdrawing
Sketch the simplified composition using charcoal or thinned paint (Source 6, Source 7). Klimt’s composition is noted for its simplicity and departure from traditional Western canons, with the man’s head ending very close to the top of the canvas (Source 1). The figures should be tightly embraced, occupying the central space with minimal background detail.
underpainting
Apply a monochrome underpainting (grisaille) to establish values and forms. This technique allows for the subsequent glazing and scumbling of colors, a method practiced by old masters and applicable to Klimt’s layered approach (Source 8). The underpainting should capture the basic shapes of the figures and the flow of the drapery.
color palette
Gold
Gold leaf
Background and decorative patterns on clothing, evoking Byzantine mosaics and medieval art (Source 1).
Yellow/Ochre
Yellow ochre, cadmium yellow
Flesh tones and warm highlights, consistent with Klimt’s use of warm, sensuous colors (Source 1).
Red/Vermilion
Vermilion, alizarin crimson
Accents in the woman’s dress and floral motifs, providing contrast to the gold (Source 4).
Blue/Ultramarine
Ultramarine, phthalo blue
Cool shadows and accents in the man’s robe, creating chiaroscuro effects through juxtaposition (Source 4).
White
Titanium white, lead white
Highlights and mixing to adjust tone and value (Source 4).
composition
The composition is simplified, with the figures centrally placed and the background reduced to a flat, decorative field (Source 1). The man’s head is positioned very close to the top edge of the canvas, a departure from traditional Western canons influenced by Japanese prints (Source 1). The embrace is tight, emphasizing the intimacy and the symbolic nature of the kiss, potentially referencing mythological narratives like Apollo and Daphne or Orpheus and Eurydice (Source 1).
step by step
underdrawing
step 01
Sketch the figures using charcoal or thinned paint, ensuring the man’s head is near the top edge and the composition is simplified.
Tip — Keep lines loose; Klimt’s style favors organic, flowing forms over rigid realism.
Initial sketching
underpainting
step 02
Apply a monochrome underpainting to establish values and forms, focusing on the contrast between light and shadow.
Tip — Ensure the underpainting is completely dry before proceeding to avoid muddying the colors.
Grisaille
first pass
step 03
Apply the first layer of oil paint, using the 'fat over lean' rule to ensure proper drying. Start with the background and large areas of clothing.
Tip — Use thinner paint for initial layers and gradually increase the oil content in subsequent layers.
Fat over lean
refining
step 04
Glaze and scumble colors to build up depth and luminosity. Use transparent coats of color to enhance the golden brilliance.
Tip — Glazing adds transparency, while scumbling adds semi-opaque texture, allowing the underlying layers to show through.
Glazing and scumbling
finishing
step 05
Apply gold leaf to the background and decorative elements. Use size to adhere the leaf, then burnish for a smooth finish.
Tip — Work in a dust-free environment. The flatness of the gold leaf should enhance the decorative quality without creating depth.
Gold leaf application
varnishing
step 06
Apply a final varnish to protect the painting and unify the surface sheen.
Tip — Ensure all layers are completely dry before varnishing to prevent cracking.
Varnishing
critical techniques
Gold leaf application
Klimt used gold leaf to create a flat, decorative surface that recalls Byzantine mosaics and medieval art. This technique was inspired by his trip to Ravenna in 1903 (Source 1, Source 2).
Glazing and scumbling
These techniques allow for the layering of transparent and semi-opaque colors, enhancing the luminosity and depth of the painting without compromising the flatness (Source 8).
Fat over lean
A basic rule of oil painting where each additional layer contains more oil than the previous one to ensure proper drying and prevent cracking (Source 6, Source 7).
common pitfalls
what the sources don't tell us
Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.
grounded in
The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.
The Practice of Oil Painting↗
Laws of Contrast of Colour↗
cross-referenced from
Named facts about this artwork and artist were checked against these reference pages.
Wikipedia: The Kiss (Klimt)↗
Wikipedia bio — Gustav Klimt↗
Wikipedia: Oil painting↗
Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.
what the eye sees
Two figures entwined in an intimate embrace dominate the center, their heads touching as they kiss, positioned vertically in the composition. The male figure on the left wears an ornate robe covered entirely in geometric patterns—black and white rectangles and outlined boxes arranged in a strict grid—while the female on the right's robe features spiraling circles and small repeated motifs in gold and jewel tones. Both figures are rendered with realistic, pale skin tones and carefully modeled faces, creating stark visual contrast against the decorative patterns. The background is a textured, warm golden field that fills the upper two-thirds of the canvas, while a lush meadow of jewel-toned wildflowers anchors the bottom, with greens, purples, blues, yellows, and reds creating a natural counterpoint to the man-made patterns above. Light falls softly from above-left, creating subtle shadows on the figures' faces and within the folds of their robes.
value structure
The painting operates in a narrow mid-to-light value range—the dominant golden background prevents extreme contrast. The darkest darks are the black rectangles and definition lines in the man's pattern robe and dark outlines in hair; the lightest lights are the cream-colored skin tones and pale highlights. The flower meadow reads as distinctly darker than the background despite its bright local colors, creating a visual anchor. Squint and the composition becomes: two pale silhouettes wrapped in a golden envelope with a green-purple base. The value separation comes from hue intensity rather than tonal drama.
observed palette and mixes
#c9af56
Gold ochre + cadmium yellow
Dominant background and robe base throughout; the unified warm golden field
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Burnt umber + ultramarine blue (neutral dark)
Black geometric rectangles in man's robe and definition lines; shadow shapes within patterns
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Titanium white + touch of cadmium yellow
Skin tones on faces, necks, and hands; pale illuminated areas of the robes
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Gold ochre + ultramarine blue (muted gold)
Mid-tone shadows within the background; spiral pattern transitions on woman's robe
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Ultramarine blue + alizarin crimson
Purple flowers and accent marks scattered through the meadow and robe patterns
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Ultramarine blue + cadmium yellow (muted green)
Foliage and stems in the flower meadow at composition base
edges and brushwork
Edges shift decisively: the geometric patterns in the man's robe feature crisp, nearly mechanical lines and hard transitions between black, white, and gold, created with precise brushwork and fine liner strokes. In contrast, skin tones are softly blended with rounded, forgiving edges where planes meet. The background shows subtle directional brushwork with texture variation rather than flatness, while the flower meadow employs stippled and dotted marks—not individual flowers, but impressionistic dabs of color that suggest blooms. The overall handling is elegant and restrained; texture emerges through layering and technique rather than visible gestural marks.
a working sequence
Block in major shapes and proportions
Using a #6 flat brush with diluted burnt umber, lightly map the two figures' positions and their relationship in the embrace. Note that the male figure is positioned slightly behind and to the left; the female's face tilts toward the viewer more directly. Block in the approximate shape of the background field and the flower meadow strip at the base. Don't worry about detail—focus on getting the vertical axis and the interlocking curve of their bodies correct.
Establish background wash and mid-tone field
Mix a warm golden base using gold ochre + cadmium yellow + touch of burnt umber, diluted to a thin consistency. Apply this across the upper two-thirds with broad strokes using your #6 brush. Vary the tone slightly—add more ultramarine blue in shadow areas near the figures' right side and near the bottom of the background. This creates spatial depth and prevents a flat appearance. Leave the flower meadow area unpainted for now.
Paint skin tones and establish figure values
Mix a pale, cool cream using titanium white + touch of cadmium yellow + hint of ultramarine blue. Apply to all exposed skin—faces, necks, hands, upper shoulders. Use the #6 flat brush with soft strokes, following the planes of the face. Keep this mixture light and slightly cool; the golden robe will warm it visually. Build shadows using burnt umber + ultramarine blue on the right side of faces and neck, especially where the female's cheek turns away. Don't overstate shadows—this is elegant modeling, not dramatic chiaroscuro.
Block in the man's geometric pattern robe
Mix ultramarine blue + touch of burnt umber to a medium-dark value. Using the #000 liner brush, begin drawing the grid of black rectangles and outlined squares on the man's robe with sharp, confident lines. Space them consistently. The pattern isn't perfectly uniform—slight variations in spacing and sizing prevent mechanical rigidity. Work methodically from top to bottom. Some rectangles are filled solid black; others are outlined only. Refer to the image frequently to capture this rhythm correctly; it's the visual anchor for his figure.
Paint the woman's robe with spiral and circular patterns
The woman's garment features dense, spiraling circles and repeating motifs. Mix cadmium yellow + touch of gold ochre for the base, keeping it slightly warmer than the background. Using a small #2 round brush with ultramarine blue, alizarin crimson, and metallic accents, paint concentric circles, spirals, and small geometric marks across her robe. These patterns are more organic and less rigid than the man's grid. Leave some areas of the golden base visible—patterns should suggest movement and flow, not cover uniformly. Layer colors: blues, purples, reds, creating jewel-tone clusters.
Paint the wildflower meadow base
Mix a muted green using ultramarine blue + cadmium yellow + touch of burnt umber. Apply this as a loose, organic base across the bottom strip with your #6 flat brush, suggesting foliage masses rather than individual plants. Darken and lighten patches to suggest depth. Once dry, use the #2 round brush with purple (ultramarine + alizarin), blue, red (cadmium red), and yellow marks to suggest flower blooms. Apply these as small dabs and dots—not detailed flowers, but impressionistic color clusters. Layer multiple colors: purple flowers overlap reds, yellows peek through greens. The density should feel organic and natural, not gridded.
Refine faces, hands, and anatomical details
Return to skin tones with the #2 round brush. Define the bridge of the nose, eyelids, lips with careful line work using a cool brown (ultramarine + burnt umber). Model the cheeks with a touch more warmth (add cadmium yellow). Paint the eyes with ultramarine and tiny highlights of titanium white. Define fingers and hands with subtle shadows. Study the female's downturned gaze and the male's profile—this intimacy is crucial. Soften edges where appropriate; keep the face alive, not overworked.
Add metallic glazes and final luminosity
Once all layers are dry, prepare a transparent glaze using gold ochre + medium (or thin with a touch of linseed oil). Apply this thinly across sections of the background and robes to unify the gold and add luminous depth—this mimics the effect of actual gold leaf without requiring it. Use the #6 flat brush with gentle, directional strokes. Don't glaze the faces—leave them fresh. This step should feel like tinting, not opaquing. The goal is to enhance the sense of precious, glowing material.
Final details, edges, and accents
Step back and check overall composition. Crisp up any soft edges in the patterns that have blurred. Add any missing accent marks in the flower meadow. Use the #000 liner to add subtle definition lines where the robe meets the background or where major pattern areas shift. Add tiny hints of metallic accent—a touch of reflected light on a cheek, a glint in the eye. Keep restraint; this is a painting about elegant harmony, not drama. A final soft glaze over the entire background can knit everything together and enhance the sense of surrounding space.
where studies of this painting go wrong
measured difficulty
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