
plate no. 7366
Paul Klee, 1940
what to study here
It shows how a narrow value range, hard-edged warm blocks, and a loosely worked cool sky can produce glow and legibility together.
The visionGuide describes a nocturne built from three value bands: a rust-red strip at the top, a muted green-gray sky, and a very dark maroon-brown foreground. Against that darkness, a cluster of stacked blocks in ochre, peach, red, and cream sits left of center, and a moon in the upper center is filled with a grid of small rectangular tiles in pinks and yellows. Squint and the moon and city read as two bright shapes floating in shadow. The edges are worth close study. The city blocks are crisp, often separated by thin white or pale lines, while the sky is loose, with visible directional strokes. That softness makes the buildings look more solid. The sky is busy with texture but stays tonally close, so it holds together without competing with the lighter shapes. The moon's tiles are hand-marked linear grids, not mechanical ones. Study how warm lights against a cool dark field create the glow, and how hard and soft edges are assigned by function.
key decision
Klee set crisp, warm, pale-lined building blocks and a tiled moon against a loosely brushed, tonally cohesive green-gray sky. This makes the two light shapes read as luminous focal points.
recreation guide
Paul Klee’s *Chosen Site* (1940) represents a pivotal moment in his late career, created during his final year in Switzerland while battling scleroderma. Unlike his earlier mystical-abstract works or the hieroglyphic compositions of the late 1930s, this piece is described as a 'comparatively realistic still life' that stands in stark contrast to his previous output (Source 3). The work depicts flowers, a green pot, a sculpture, and an angel, set against a black ground with a separated moon (Source 3). This shift toward realism, albeit likely filtered through Klee’s unique symbolic lens, marks a departure from the 'cool romanticism of abstraction' he developed after his 1914 Tunis trip (Source 1). The painting was left unsigned on the scaffold, suggesting a sense of finality or resignation associated with his declining health and the political turmoil of the era (Source 3).
estimated time
20-30 hours over 5-7 sessions
materials
7 items
steps
6 in sequence
materials
| item | purpose | modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Oil paints | Primary medium for the final layer | — |
| Canvas or heavy paper | Support for the oil painting | Linen canvas or heavy watercolor paper sized for oil |
| Black pigment (e.g., Ivory Black or Mars Black) | To create the 'black ground' described in the source | — |
| Green pigment | For the 'green pot' mentioned in the description | — |
| White pigment | For the 'white face' elements or highlights, consistent with Klee's use of white in late works | — |
| Brushes (various sizes) | For applying oil paint with varying opacity | — |
| Medium (linseed oil or similar) | For glazing and scumbling techniques | Stand oil or walnut oil |
preparation
surface prep
Given Klee’s background in watercolor and his transition to oil in his later years, the surface should be prepared to accept both opaque and transparent layers. While specific prep for *Chosen Site* is not detailed, Klee’s general practice involved combining draftsmanship with color (Source 1). A neutral or toned ground may be beneficial to allow for the 'glazing and scumbling' techniques described in traditional oil painting practice, which Klee may have employed to achieve depth and luminosity (Source 4).
underdrawing
Klee was a master draftsman, and his work often combined 'drawing and the realm of color' (Source 1). For a 'comparatively realistic' work like *Chosen Site*, a precise underdrawing is likely necessary to establish the positions of the flowers, pot, sculpture, and angel. Contour drawing techniques, which emphasize mass and volume rather than minor details, would be appropriate to define the forms before applying color (Source 7).
underpainting
Traditional oil painting methods often involve a grisaille (monochrome underpainting) to establish values before adding color (Source 4). Klee’s late works, including *Der Todesengel* (another name for *Chosen Site*), feature a 'black ground' (Source 3). This suggests a dark underpainting or ground might have been used to create contrast for the lighter elements like the angel and flowers. The 'black ground' could be part of the underpainting or the final background.
color palette
Black
Ivory Black or Mars Black
The 'black ground' separating the moon from the main group (Source 3)
Green
Viridian or Chromium Oxide Green
The 'green pot' (Source 3)
White
Titanium White or Lead White
Highlights and potentially the 'white face' if present, though the source mentions a white face in *Insula dulcamara*, not necessarily *Chosen Site*. However, white is essential for the angel and flowers.
Earth Tones
Umber, Ochre
General use in Klee’s palette for sculptures and organic forms
Pale Colors
Diluted oils
Klee’s early experiments involved 'pale watercolors' (Source 1), and his late oil works may retain a sense of luminosity through glazing.
composition
The composition of *Chosen Site* is described as having a 'moon on black ground' that is 'separated from these groups' (flowers, pot, sculpture, angel) (Source 3). This separation suggests a deliberate spatial division, possibly using the black background to isolate the celestial element from the terrestrial still life. The arrangement is 'comparatively realistic' but likely retains Klee’s symbolic approach, where objects are not merely depicted but carry personal or political meaning (Source 3).
step by step
underdrawing
step 01
Sketch the basic forms of the flowers, green pot, sculpture, and angel using contour lines to establish mass and volume.
Tip — Focus on the outline and form rather than minor details, as per contour drawing principles (Source 7).
Contour drawing
underpainting
step 02
Apply a black ground to the background, ensuring it covers the area designated for the moon and the space behind the still life.
Tip — Ensure the black ground is dry before proceeding to avoid muddying the colors.
Monochrome underpainting
first pass
step 03
Block in the main colors of the flowers, pot, sculpture, and angel using opaque oil paint.
Tip — Use the 'green pot' as a key color anchor (Source 3).
Direct painting
refining
step 04
Apply glazes and scumbles to refine the colors and create depth. Use transparent coats of color to adjust hues and values.
Tip — Glazing adds transparency, while scumbling adds semi-opaque texture, allowing the underlying layers to show through (Source 4).
Glazing and scumbling
finishing
step 05
Detail the angel and flowers, ensuring the separation from the black ground is clear. Add the moon as a distinct element.
Tip — Maintain the 'comparatively realistic' style while infusing the symbolic weight Klee is known for (Source 3).
Detailing
varnishing
step 06
Apply a final varnish to protect the painting and enhance the colors.
Tip — Wait until the painting is completely dry to avoid trapping solvents.
Varnishing
critical techniques
Glazing and Scumbling
These techniques allow for the creation of luminous colors and complex textures, which Klee may have used to achieve the 'realistic' yet symbolic quality of *Chosen Site* (Source 4).
Contour Drawing
Used to establish the forms of the still life elements with emphasis on mass and volume rather than fine detail (Source 7).
Symbolic Realism
Klee’s late works combine realistic depiction with symbolic meaning, reflecting his personal fate and the political situation (Source 3).
common pitfalls
what the sources don't tell us
Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.
grounded in
The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.
The Practice of Oil Painting — COLOURING A MONOCHROME↗
cross-referenced from
Named facts about this artwork and artist were checked against these reference pages.
Wikipedia bio — Paul Klee — part 13↗
Wikipedia: Contour drawing — Contour drawing — part 1↗
Wikipedia bio — Paul Klee — part 4↗
Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.
what the eye sees
A surreal nocturne where a geometric moon dominates the upper-center sky, its interior rendered as a complex grid of small rectangular tiles in warm pinks and yellows. Below sits an abstract cityscape clustered in the left-center, built from stacked blocks in warm ochres, peaches, reds, and cream tones. The composition divides sharply: the upper third transitions from rust-red at the very top into a muted dark green-gray that fills most of the sky, while the bottom is anchored by a deep maroon-brown foreground. The eye enters through the glowing moon, then drops to the luminous city cluster against the cool, atmospheric void.
value structure
The painting operates in three distinct value bands: a dark red-rust zone at the very top, a mid-toned but optically dark green-gray sky, and a very dark maroon-brown at ground level. The buildings create the highest value accent—pale creams and warm mid-tones that read almost as light against the surrounding darkness. When you squint, the moon and the city cluster read as two bright focal points floating in deep shadow; the sky itself is deceptive—visually busy with texture but tonally cohesive.
observed palette and mixes
#944f48
Alizarin + Raw Sienna, with touches of black
The rust-red band at the top edge; also shadows within building blocks
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Ultramarine + Raw Sienna + white, leaning cool
Primary sky tone, the dominant green-gray atmospheric field
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Burnt Sienna + Ultramarine or Mars Black
Deep foreground band and darkest building shadows
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Yellow Ochre + white, warm ochre tone
Cream and pale peach building blocks; mid-tone structure
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Cadmium Yellow Light + Titanium White with touch of Cadmium Orange
Lightest building faces and moon interior tessellations
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Cadmium Orange + Alizarin, warm rust
Mid-tone building blocks and moon interior warm squares
edges and brushwork
The city blocks have crisp, defined edges—often with thin white or light lines separating each geometric unit, giving clear architectural legibility. The sky, by contrast, shows loose, atmospheric brushwork with visible directional strokes and subtle color shifts; this softness makes the hard-edged buildings read as even more sculptural. The moon interior features distinct linear mark-making in a grid pattern, suggesting both precision and the hand-made texture of an older painting.
a working sequence
Map the major zones
Lightly sketch or tone the composition into three value zones: a rust-red band across the top (roughly 10-15% of height), a muted green-gray sky filling the middle and upper area, and a deep maroon-brown foreground band at the bottom (roughly 15-20% of height). Work loosely; this is your value scaffold.
Establish the moon
Paint a circular disc in the upper-center area using a warm pink-orange base. Inside, use a ruler or careful freehand work to define a grid of small rectangular tiles in warm yellows, oranges, and pale pinks—let some tiles overlap or shift slightly in tone to avoid mechanical perfection. Keep the outer edge slightly soft to read as luminous.
Block in the city cluster
Using warm ochres, peaches, creams, and deeper rust-reds, paint the main cluster of buildings rising from the left-center foreground. Build it as overlapping rectangular blocks, with the tallest central tower reaching upward. Leave small passages of sky visible between buildings to suggest depth and geometric complexity.
Develop the sky atmosphere
Work across the green-gray sky with soft brushwork, introducing subtle variations in tone—slightly warmer near the red band at top, slightly cooler and more muted in the middle distances. The texture should feel atmospheric and hand-painted, not flat. Allow some warm building colors to influence the shadow tones immediately around them.
Define building edges and white separations
Add thin, deliberate white or very pale cream lines between and around the building blocks to clarify the geometric structure. These separations are key to readability; they act like mortar lines. Strengthen some edges while keeping others softer to create depth—buildings closer to foreground have sharper definition.
Add depth and final refinement
Darken the immediate foreground band to anchor the composition. Add subtle warm glazes or dry-brush texture to the sky to enhance the sense of night atmosphere. Refine any building faces that read too flat by introducing reflected light or shadow variation within individual blocks.
Unify and assess
Step back and check value relationships: the buildings should glow against the sky, the moon should read as distinct, and the foreground should feel very dark. Soften any edges that feel too harsh in the sky, and strengthen any geometric passages in the city that feel uncertain. The overall effect should balance geometric clarity with atmospheric mystery.
where studies of this painting go wrong
measured difficulty
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