
plate no. 7237
Marianne North, 1880
what to study here
It shows how haze, soft edges and a simple three-tier value plan can organize a crowded street scene with towers, figures and foliage.
The useful lesson here is how a busy street scene is held together by value grouping and haze. Squint and the vision guide reads three tiers: a pale blue sky, mid-tone gray-mauve building masses, and a lighter street band. Transitions between them are gradual, so the scene reads as one atmosphere rather than separate objects. Study how the distant skyline goes blue, hazy and soft-edged while the foreground structures are more defined, though still loosely brushed. Note the two cylindrical towers with golden domes, one pale cream on the left and one mauve-red on the right. They act as vertical anchors and draw the eye to the middle distance. Warm peachy-tan light on the foreground street contrasts with the cool sky and mauve shadows. Look at how the small figures, some in white and some in darker clothing, and the horse-drawn carriage are kept as color notes and silhouettes. The foliage above the rooflines uses broken, gestural strokes, not leaf-by-leaf detail. Copy the value plan before the color.
key decision
The painter grouped the scene into pale sky, mid-tone building masses and a lighter street, linking them with atmospheric haze and soft transitions instead of sharp contrast.
From the record
recreation guide
Marianne North’s *The Street of Blood, Delhi* (1880) is a cityscape executed in oil, reflecting her background as a botanical artist who traveled extensively to document flora and landscapes. While the provided sources do not describe the specific visual details of this particular painting (such as the exact layout of the street or specific figures), they establish North’s practice of painting from life and her dedication to capturing the 'flora of distant countries' (Source 4). The artwork belongs to a period where oil painting techniques were transitioning, with some artists adhering to traditional glazing methods while others, influenced by emerging theories of color contrast, sought to capture the immediate modifications of light (Source 2). North’s work is characterized by a direct engagement with nature, aiming for a truthful representation rather than an idealized composition.
estimated time
20-30 hours over 5-7 sessions
materials
5 items
steps
6 in sequence
materials
| item | purpose | modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Oil paints (earth tones, ochres, umbers) | Primary pigments for underpainting and glazing, consistent with historical palettes described in Source 3. | Burnt Umber, Yellow Ochre, Raw Sienna |
| White Lead or Titanium White | For highlights and mixing, as white lead was a standard historical pigment (Source 3). | Titanium White (safer modern alternative) |
| Oil of Copavia or Linseed Oil | Medium for glazing and scumbling, as recommended by Sir Joshua Reynolds in Source 1. | Stand Oil or Linseed Oil |
| Canvas or Panel | Support for the oil painting. | Primed linen or cotton canvas |
| Varnish | For final glazing layers, as mentioned in Source 1. | Dammar Varnish |
preparation
surface prep
The surface should be prepared with a ground that allows for glazing. While North’s specific preparation is not detailed in the sources, the traditional method described in Source 1 involves a dry grisaille (monochrome underpainting) before applying color. The ground should be neutral to allow the transparent glazes to interact with the underlying tones.
underdrawing
The sources do not specify North’s underdrawing technique for this cityscape. However, Source 7 notes that early masters used outline forms to hold pictures together, while later artists fused edges. Given North’s botanical precision, a light, accurate underdrawing is likely, but specific details are not in the text. Proceed with a light sketch to establish the composition of the street and buildings.
underpainting
Create a monochrome underpainting (grisaille) using black, ultramarine, and white, as suggested by Sir Joshua Reynolds in Source 1. This step involves 'mentally extracting the red and yellow colours' to establish the tonal structure of the scene (Source 1). This grisaille should be allowed to dry completely before proceeding.
color palette
Red Ochre
Natural ochre
General use in this artist's palette; earth tones are recommended in Source 3 for their fixedness and covering qualities.
Yellow Ochre
Natural ochre
General use in this artist's palette; essential for warm tones and glazing (Source 3).
Ultramarine
Ultramarine blue
Used in the grisaille underpainting for shadows and cool tones (Source 1).
White Lead
White lead
Highlights and mixing, as it was a standard pigment in the 19th century (Source 3).
Black
Ivory black or lamp black
Shadows and tonal depth in the grisaille (Source 1).
composition
The sources do not describe the specific composition of *The Street of Blood, Delhi*. Therefore, no specific compositional moves can be cited. Generally, North’s work focuses on the subject matter (flora/landscape) rather than complex compositional devices. The artist likely aimed for a clear, direct representation of the scene as seen, consistent with her botanical documentation style (Source 4).
step by step
underdrawing
step 01
Sketch the basic forms of the street, buildings, and any figures or vegetation lightly on the prepared surface.
Tip — Keep lines light to avoid interfering with subsequent glazes.
Outline basis
underpainting
step 02
Apply a grisaille using black, ultramarine, and white with oil of copavia as a medium. Establish the light and shadow structure without using red or yellow tones.
Tip — Mentally extract red and yellow colors to focus on tonal values (Source 1).
Grisaille underpainting
first pass
step 03
Once the grisaille is dry, begin glazing with transparent coats of color, starting with yellow and red tones.
Tip — Apply thin, transparent layers to build up color intensity, similar to tinting an engraving (Source 1).
Glazing
refining
step 04
Use scumbling (semi-opaque painting) over darker grounds to create coldness or grey blooms, if needed for atmospheric effects.
Tip — Be aware that scumbling over dark grounds tends to produce cold tones (Source 1).
Scumbling
finishing
step 05
Adjust colors based on the law of simultaneous contrast, ensuring that adjacent colors do not distort each other’s appearance unintentionally.
Tip — Remember that colors appear different when placed next to their complements (Source 2).
Simultaneous contrast
varnishing
step 06
Apply a final varnish mixed with oil if necessary, to unify the glazes and protect the painting.
Tip — Ensure the painting is completely dry before varnishing.
Varnishing
critical techniques
Glazing
Applying transparent coats of color over a dry underpainting to build depth and luminosity. This was a common practice among old masters and is recommended for achieving rich tones (Source 1).
Scumbling
Using semi-opaque paint over a darker ground to create coldness or grey effects. This technique allows the underlying painting to show through (Source 1).
Simultaneous Contrast
Considering how adjacent colors affect each other’s perception. This is crucial for accurately representing the modifications of light and color in the scene (Source 2).
common pitfalls
what the sources don't tell us
Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.
grounded in
The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.
The Practice of Oil Painting↗
Laws of Contrast of Colour↗
The Science of Painting↗
cross-referenced from
Named facts about this artwork and artist were checked against these reference pages.
Wikipedia bio — Marianne North↗
Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.
what the eye sees
The composition is anchored by a deep street receding toward a hazy, blue-distant skyline, framed by mauve and cream buildings on either side. Two prominent cylindrical towers with golden domes—one on the left (pale cream), one on the right (mauve-red)—act as vertical sentinels, drawing the eye toward the middle distance. Warm light from the upper left floods the foreground street in peachy-tan, while the sky is a pale, luminous blue. Multiple figures—some in white, some in darker clothing—populate the street as small actors in a bustling scene, with a horse-drawn carriage on the right and rich green foliage visible above the rooflines.
value structure
The lightest lights are the sky (pale blue) and the cream-colored building and tower on the left; the darkest darks cluster in the deep shadows on buildings and beneath overhanging foliage. The dominant value is mid-tone gray-mauve across most building surfaces, with the street pavement as a distinct lighter horizontal band. Squinting reveals a clear three-tier structure: pale sky, mid-tone building masses, lighter street—the transitions are gradual, bound together by atmospheric haze rather than sharp contrasts.
observed palette and mixes
#b3c4ce
Titanium white + ultramarine blue (very dilute)
Sky and distant atmospheric haze
#89838e
Ultramarine blue + burnt sienna + cadmium red
The mauve and purple tower on the right and surrounding building shadows
#b0b2b1
Titanium white + yellow ochre + touch of ultramarine
Cream-colored building on the left and the pale tower
#636575
Ultramarine blue + raw umber + touch of red
Deep shadows on building facades and beneath the foliage canopy
#959aa0
Titanium white + ultramarine + raw umber
Mid-tone gray shadows on buildings and street edges
#6d7e8c
Yellow ochre + burnt sienna + titanium white
Street pavement in the foreground and warm ground plane
edges and brushwork
Edges are soft and atmospheric throughout, especially in the distant buildings and hazy skyline—forms dissolve into suggestion rather than sharp outlines. The foreground and immediate structures are more defined but still impressionistic, with loose brushwork that indicates form through value and color rather than tight rendering. Foliage is handled with broken, gestural strokes in varied greens and ochres, creating a leafy mass that doesn't demand individual leaf detail.
a working sequence
Establish the sky and atmospheric foundation
Lay in the pale blue sky with loose, horizontal brushwork, allowing it to soften and pale slightly toward the horizon. The sky should feel luminous and high. Leave space for the tower domes to break the line. Mix a very dilute ultramarine and white to create atmospheric warmth in the distant buildings just below the horizon—this haze is key to depth.
Block the tower structures and main building masses
Paint the two towers as distinct vertical forms: the left tower pale cream (white + touch of ochre + hint of ultramarine), the right tower a clear mauve-red (ultramarine + burnt sienna + red). Quickly establish the cream building on the far left and the darker purple-mauve buildings flanking the street. Don't detail windows yet—focus on mass and proportion.
Lay in shadow planes and street perspective
With a cooler, darker mix (ultramarine + raw umber), paint the large shadow shapes on the right-side buildings and the shadows cast across the street. The street itself should be painted in warm mid-tone (ochre + burnt sienna + white), lighter in the foreground, gradually cooling and receding toward the center. This step establishes the sense of recession and three-dimensional space.
Introduce foliage and tree masses
Paint the dense green foliage masses at the top and right edges with broken brushwork in viridian + yellow ochre, adding touches of darker blue-green in shadows (viridian + ultramarine). Keep the foliage loose and atmospheric—it's a backdrop, not a detailed study. Allow it to frame the towers and buildings.
Place figures and architectural details
Scatter small figures throughout the street in simplified form—touches of red, white, and shadow. Add windows to buildings as simple rectangular shapes with shadow (not complex detail). Define the arch or entrance on the left building. The figures should remain small enough that they read as a crowd, not as individual studies.
Refine values and atmospheric transitions
Step back and assess overall value distribution. Soften hard edges between buildings and sky with atmospheric glaze-like layers. Ensure the street recedes convincingly by cooling and slightly darkening the mid-ground. Add pale white accents to architectural details and reflecting surfaces where light is strongest.
Final atmospheric effects and subtle glazes
Apply thin, warm glazes over the foreground street to enhance the sense of warm light. Reinforce the sense of distance by adding a very pale, warm glow to the hazy buildings in the mid-ground. Check that the towers remain as focal points without looking too rigid. Add final touches to figures and details, keeping them subordinate to the overall atmospheric effect.
where studies of this painting go wrong
measured difficulty
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