
plate no. 6220
what to study here
It shows how a near-black field, hard silhouette edges, and a symmetrical triangle can hold a figure group together with very little tonal variety.
Study how the value structure carries this picture. The background is nearly pure black and uniform, which isolates the woman and the two lions as one silhouette group. Squint and three zones appear: the light face and neck, the medium-dark patterned dress, and the black field around them. The lions flank her symmetrically with heads at waist level, forming a triangle that sends the eye up to her face. Warm light from slightly above and left catches the underside of her chin, the inner curve of her dress, and the manes. Look at the edges. Her profile and dress outline are hard and deliberate, while the lions' fur is built from directional strokes radiating from the mane, so texture comes through line rather than thick paint. The red scroll pattern on the pale skirt is fine, repeated detail set against large simple masses. Copy the restraint: detail is concentrated where you want the eye to go, and the background gets none.
key decision
Rackham set the figures against a nearly uniform, near-black background, so the pale face and neck read as the brightest area and the whole group reads as one silhouette.
recreation guide
Arthur Rackham’s 'She went away accompanied by the Lions' is a quintessential example of his work in the Art Nouveau style, characterized by intricate line work and atmospheric depth. While the specific visual narrative details (such as the exact posture of the lions or the figure's attire) are not described in the provided sources, Rackham’s general practice involves a strong foundation in contour drawing to establish mass and volume before applying color (Source 4). The artwork likely employs a layered approach to oil painting, consistent with the 'old masters' method referenced in the sources, where a monochrome underpainting (grisaille) is used to establish values before glazing and scumbling are applied to build luminosity and texture (Source 1).
estimated time
20-30 hours over 5-7 sessions
materials
5 items
steps
5 in sequence
materials
| item | purpose | modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Oil paints (Ultramarine, White, Black, Yellow, Red tones) | For creating the grisaille underpainting and subsequent glazes/scumbles | — |
| Oil of Copavia (or modern linseed/walnut oil) | Medium for the first and second paintings as per Reynolds' method cited | Stand oil or linseed oil |
| Varnish | Mixed with oil for later glazing stages to gain mastery over transparency | Dammar varnish |
| Canvas or Panel | Support for the oil painting | — |
| Charcoal or Graphite | For initial contour drawing and outlining | — |
preparation
surface prep
Prepare a standard oil painting ground. While specific priming instructions for Rackham are not in the sources, the technique described involves working on a surface that can support a dry grisaille layer before wet glazing is applied (Source 1).
underdrawing
Begin with a contour drawing to emphasize the mass and volume of the figures (the woman and lions) rather than minor details. Use continuous lines to create a silhouette, focusing on the outlined shape and three-dimensional perspective (Source 4). This outline basis is historically consistent with the methods of masters like Leonardo and Raphael, who used it to hold pictures together (Source 8).
underpainting
Create a grisaille (monochrome) underpainting using black, ultramarine, and white mixed with oil of copavia (Source 1). This step mentally extracts red and yellow colors, translating what would be left in nature if those colors were absent (Source 1). This establishes the value structure and form before color is introduced.
color palette
Ultramarine/Black/White
Ultramarine, Ivory Black, Titanium White
Grisaille underpainting to establish values and form
Yellow and Red tones
Yellow Ochre, Cadmium Red, or similar transparent oils
Glazing and scumbling over the dry grisaille to introduce color, similar to tinting an engraving
Grey Bloom
Scumbled semi-opaque paint over darker ground
Creating coldness and atmospheric effects, particularly in shadows or distant areas
composition
While the specific arrangement of 'She went away accompanied by the Lions' is not detailed in the sources, Rackham’s compositions likely rely on the rhythmic power of lines. Artists of this period often used abstract lines underlying the expression to direct the spectator's attention, avoiding the corners of the rectangular canvas by filling them with dark masses or swinging lines to guide the eye to the center (Source 6). The composition balances the vertical and horizontal boundaries with the organic forms of the figures (Source 3).
step by step
underdrawing
step 01
Sketch the figures using contour drawing techniques, focusing on the outline and mass of the woman and lions.
Tip — Do not look at the paper constantly; rely on sensation and instinct to capture the form's weight and space (Source 4).
Contour Drawing
underpainting
step 02
Apply a monochrome layer using black, ultramarine, and white with oil of copavia as the medium.
Tip — Mentally extract red and yellow colors, focusing only on the values that remain (Source 1).
Grisaille
refining
step 03
Allow the grisaille to dry completely.
Tip — Ensure the layer is quite dry before proceeding to avoid muddying the glazes (Source 1).
Drying
finishing
step 04
Glaze and scumble with oil, introducing yellow and red tones as they occur in the design.
Tip — Glazing is a transparent coat; scumbling is semi-opaque. Use scumbling over darker grounds to create a grey bloom or coldness (Source 1).
Glazing and Scumbling
step 05
If mastery is gained, mix varnish with oil for subsequent glazing layers to enhance luminosity.
Tip — This mimics the method of old masters and allows for greater transparency and depth (Source 1).
Varnish Glazing
critical techniques
Glazing
Applying a transparent coat of color over a dry underpainting to build luminosity and depth, a method practiced by old masters and recommended for achieving mastery (Source 1).
Scumbling
Applying semi-opaque paint through which the underlying painting shows, often used over darker grounds to create coldness or grey blooms (Source 1).
Contour Drawing
Using lines to emphasize mass and volume rather than detail, serving as a strong foundation for the painting (Source 4).
common pitfalls
what the sources don't tell us
Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.
grounded in
The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.
The Practice of Oil Painting↗
The Practice and Science of Drawing↗
Laws of Contrast of Colour↗
cross-referenced from
Named facts about this artwork and artist were checked against these reference pages.
Wikipedia: Contour drawing↗
Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.
what the eye sees
A woman in profile stands centered and slightly elevated, wearing a patterned crimson dress with a flowing pale skirt decorated with red scroll motifs. Two lions flank her—one on each side—their heads level with her waist, creating a triangular composition that draws the eye upward to her face. A nearly black background (almost pure shadow) isolates the entire figure group, while warm ambient light catches the underside of her chin, the inner curve of her dress, and the lions' manes, suggesting light source from slightly above and to the left. The eye enters at her face, travels down the rich red pattern of her bodice, then distributes equally to the two symmetrical lions.
value structure
The darkest darks are nearly pure black in the background and deep shadows under the lions' chins and within their manes; the lightest lights are the pale cream-tan of her exposed neck, the inner folds of her skirt, and selective highlights on the lions' fur. There is a distinct middle value group in her dress pattern and the lions' bodies. Squinting reveals three clear zones: the bright face-and-neck, the medium-dark dress, and the near-black background that frames everything.
observed palette and mixes
#231c1a
Ivory black + burnt umber, slightly warmed
Background, deepest shadows in manes, folds beneath lions' bodies
#c09b84
Raw sienna + white + touch of cerulean blue (desaturated tan)
Woman's neck, face, inner skirt folds, lions' underside fur highlights
#dfc7ac
Raw sienna + white + small amount of crimson for warmth
Lightest folds of the skirt, catch-light on her cheek and neck
#66483e
Burnt umber + crimson, subdued
Lions' mane shadows, mid-tone fur, outer dress contours
#8b3a3a
Crimson + burnt umber
Red scroll pattern on skirt, bodice brocade, ribbon accents
edges and brushwork
Edges are characteristically Rackham: hard and deliberate around the woman's profile and dress silhouette, with fine detail work visible in the repeating scroll pattern on her skirt. The lions' fur uses directional strokes that follow the form—radiating outward from the mane—creating texture through line rather than thick impasto. The background is nearly uniform and matte, possibly worked with a broader tool, creating strong value contrast without texture.
a working sequence
Establish the dark field
Lay in the background with a mixture of ivory black and burnt umber, keeping it nearly uniform and very dark. Use a medium-sized round or flat brush, working around the silhouettes of the woman and lions but not worrying about precision yet. Leave this slightly warm rather than pure black—the burnt umber will give it depth.
Block the woman's profile and dress shape
Using a medium round, paint the woman's neck and face with the pale tan mixture (#c09b84). Then block in her dress in two zones: the upper bodice in a mid-crimson, and the lower skirt in pale cream. Work loosely at this stage; focus on proportions and the basic division between fabric textures.
Establish the lions' basic forms
Block in both lions with the warm mid-brown tone (#66483e), defining their heads, necks, and visible body mass. Keep their edges soft against the background initially. Position their heads so the mane line is roughly level with the woman's hip—this is a key proportion.
Develop the woman's facial features and hair
Refine her profile: darken the background around her cheek and jawline with a small brush, then add subtle modeling to her neck and the underside of her chin with the lighter tan. Her hair appears swept back; use the pale tan for highlights on the crown and sides, then shadow with burnt umber + a touch of the background mix. Her eye should be dark and placed clearly on the profile line.
Paint the scroll pattern on the skirt
Using a small round brush and crimson + burnt umber mix, carefully draw the repeating scroll/spiral pattern across the pale skirt. The motifs are roughly evenly spaced and follow the fabric's flow downward. This requires a steady hand and patience—work slowly, letting the paint dry between sections if needed to avoid muddying the pale undercoat.
Refine the bodice brocade and dress folds
The upper dress shows a red patterned fabric; layer crimson and burnt umber to suggest texture and depth, darker in the shadowed folds near her body. Paint visible folds in the pale skirt using the tan and light cream, with subtle gray-brown shadows (burnt umber + touch of black) in the deepest creases. The fabric should read as heavy and gathered.
Develop the lions' manes and fur texture
Using a small round, paint directional strokes radiating from the mane centers outward, varying between burnt umber, the warm mid-brown, and the pale tan for highlights. The manes are dark and voluminous; leave the strokes visible. Work the front-facing lion's mane to show it is slightly closer. Add darkest shadows (nearly black) in the interior of the manes where they meet the body.
Define edges and final details
Sharpen the silhouettes of the woman and lions against the background using a small brush and the dark background mix. Reinforce the hard edge of her profile, the inner contours of her dress, and the top of the lions' heads. Add catch-lights: a small pale highlight on the woman's cheek, subtle gleams on the lions' fur where light catches the outer edges of their manes.
Unify and adjust values
Step back and assess the overall value range. The background should be noticeably darker than any other element. If the dress pattern reads too bright, tone it slightly. The lions' fur should sit between the background and the woman's skin in value. Make final adjustments to ensure the woman's face reads as the brightest, most luminous area—this is the focal point.
where studies of this painting go wrong
measured difficulty
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