
plate no. 6449
Odilon Redon, 1868
what to study here
It shows how a few value zones, a muted teal sky and contrasting hard and soft edges can organize a simple landscape.
Start with the value structure. The visionGuide describes three zones: darkest darks in the tree trunks and the small grazing animal, mid-tones in the teal-green sky and field, and the lightest lights in the golden foliage. Squinted, the picture alternates dark foreground, bright field, dark sky band, bright trees. Look at how the gnarled central trunk acts as the anchor, with hard-edged silhouettes against the sky, while the foliage is built from loose, directional strokes that suggest form without defining leaves. Compare the two handlings of edge in one canvas. Then look at the field: the warmer golds in the near middle ground shift to cooler, more muted tones receding left, which gives depth without harsh contrast. The sky is a muted, slightly greenish teal, not a bright blue. The single dark animal in the foreground gives scale and a place to rest the eye. Copy the value pattern in a small thumbnail before you touch color, and check that the field reads lighter and warmer than the sky.
key decision
The painter set dark, crisply edged tree trunks and a small dark animal against a muted teal sky and a lighter golden field, so the whole image holds together in a few value zones. Foliage and field stay loose and brushy while the trunks stay simple.
recreation guide
This recreation guide addresses Odilon Redon’s *Peyrelebade Landscape* (1868), an early oil painting created during the artist’s formative years. While Redon is historically renowned for his later Symbolist pastels and oils characterized by 'lyrical chromatics' and visionary subjects (Source 7, Source 8), this 1868 work predates his mature style and his famous *noirs* (charcoal/lithograph works). At this stage, Redon was likely influenced by the broader French landscape traditions emerging from the Barbizon School and Romanticism, which emphasized natural scenery and atmospheric effects (Source 4, Source 5). The painting is executed in oil on canvas, a medium Redon would later master in the 1890s, but here it represents an earlier, more traditional approach to landscape composition (Source 7).
estimated time
20-30 hours over 5-7 sessions
materials
4 items
steps
6 in sequence
materials
| item | purpose | modern equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| Oil paints (Ultramarine, White, Black, Yellow Ochre, Red Ochre, Burnt Sienna) | Primary pigments for underpainting and glazing. Ultramarine, white, and black are specifically cited for initial layers in traditional methods. | — |
| Oil of Copavia (or modern linseed oil/walnut oil) | Medium for the first and second paintings, as described in traditional oil painting practices. | Stand oil or refined linseed oil |
| Canvas | Support for the oil painting. | — |
| Varnish | Used in later stages for glazing and scumbling to gain mastery over transparent and semi-opaque layers. | Dammar varnish or synthetic resin varnish |
preparation
surface prep
Prepare a standard oil-primed canvas. While specific priming details for this 1868 work are not explicitly detailed in the sources, traditional oil painting of this period typically involved a white or neutral ground to facilitate the grisaille underpainting method described in Source 1. Ensure the surface is smooth to allow for the fine gradations of light and shadow required in landscape painting.
underdrawing
The sources do not provide specific details on Redon’s underdrawing techniques for this early period. However, consistent with the traditional method described in Source 1, one should likely begin with a monochrome underpainting (grisaille) using black, ultramarine, and white. This step involves mentally extracting red and yellow tones to establish the value structure of the landscape before introducing color.
underpainting
Execute a grisaille underpainting using oil of copavia (or a similar medium) with black, ultramarine, and white (Source 1). This monochrome layer should establish the chiaroscuro and tonal gradations of the landscape. As noted in Source 3, juxtaposing different tones of the same color produces a true gradation of light, which is essential for creating depth in the landscape’s sky, trees, and terrain. Allow this layer to dry completely before proceeding.
color palette
Ultramarine
Pure ultramarine pigment
Underpainting and establishing blue tones in the sky and shadows. Source 1 notes its use in the first and second paintings.
White
Lead white or zinc white
Highlighting and mixing with ultramarine/black for the grisaille underpainting.
Black
Ivory black or lamp black
Shadows and defining forms in the grisaille underpainting.
Yellow Ochre / Red Ochre
Natural earth pigments
Glazing and scumbling to introduce warm tones. Source 1 suggests translating red and yellow tones back into the painting after the grisaille is dry.
Green (mixed)
Yellow and Blue/Ultramarine
Foliage and landscape elements. Source 2 notes that blue beside red verges on green, and complementary contrasts can enhance color intensity.
composition
The sources do not describe the specific compositional layout of *Peyrelebade Landscape*. However, general landscape painting principles from this era emphasize a coherent composition with a wide view, including sky and weather elements (Source 5). Redon’s later landscapes often featured endless horizons and abstracted details like trees and twigs (Source 7), but this 1868 work likely adheres more closely to traditional topographical or naturalistic views common in the Barbizon-influenced French landscape tradition (Source 4). Avoid inventing specific objects; focus on the atmospheric and tonal structure.
step by step
underpainting
step 01
Mix black, ultramarine, and white with oil of copavia to create a grisaille underpainting. Establish the basic forms and values of the landscape, focusing on the contrast between light and shadow.
Tip — Mentally extract red and yellow colors, visualizing what remains in nature without these hues (Source 1).
Grisaille
step 02
Refine the tonal gradations. Ensure that the juxtaposition of different tones creates a sense of depth and light, as described in the laws of contrast (Source 3).
Tip — Pay attention to how the highest and lowest tones interact at their boundaries to create a natural gradation of light.
Chiaroscuro
first pass
step 03
Once the grisaille is completely dry, begin glazing with transparent coats of color. Introduce yellow and red tones using oil as a medium.
Tip — Apply thin, transparent layers to build up color intensity without obscuring the underlying value structure.
Glazing
refining
step 04
Use scumbling (semi-opaque painting) to adjust tones and create atmospheric effects, such as a 'grey bloom' over darker grounds.
Tip — Scumbling tends to coldness when used over darker grounds, which can be useful for creating misty or distant landscape effects.
Scumbling
step 05
Enhance color brilliance by placing complementary colors in juxtaposition. For example, surround orange tones with blue to make them appear more intense, or soften reds with green surroundings.
Tip — Use complementary colors to modify the aspect of a color without changing the pigment itself (Source 2).
Simultaneous Contrast
finishing
step 06
Apply final glazes with a mixture of varnish and oil to unify the painting and deepen the colors, as practiced by old masters.
Tip — Ensure each layer is dry before applying the next to prevent muddiness.
Varnish Glazing
critical techniques
Glazing and Scumbling
Glazing involves applying transparent coats of color, while scumbling uses semi-opaque layers to allow the underlying painting to show through. These techniques were widely practiced by old masters and are essential for achieving depth and luminosity in oil painting (Source 1).
Simultaneous Contrast
Placing complementary colors next to each other enhances their intensity. For instance, red beside blue makes the red appear more orange and the blue more green. This principle can be used to exaggerate natural phenomena and create vibrant effects (Source 2).
Chiaroscuro via Tone Juxtaposition
Juxtaposing different tones of the same color creates a gradation of light, with the highest tone appearing enfeebled and the lowest tone heightened at the boundary. This creates a natural sense of depth and volume (Source 3).
common pitfalls
what the sources don't tell us
Where the corpus is silent, we say so rather than guess. These are the gaps a complete recreation guide would normally cover that our source passages don't.
grounded in
The technical procedure in this guide traces to the following classical art-instruction texts.
The Practice of Oil Painting↗
The Science of Painting↗
Read more about the corpus on the sources page and how the guides are built on the methods page.
what the eye sees
The painting depicts a rural landscape dominated by two gnarled trees with golden foliage against a teal-green sky occupying roughly the upper half. A single dark animal figure grazes in the immediate foreground, anchoring the composition. The central tree—with its distinctive dark, twisted trunk branching sharply—draws the eye immediately and serves as the compositional anchor. Light comes from above-left, creating strong value separation between the sky and the dark tree silhouettes. The horizon line divides field from sky roughly in the middle distance, with distant tree masses fading left.
value structure
The painting operates in three clear value zones: the darkest darks (tree trunks and foreground animal), mid-tones (the teal-green sky and field ground), and the lightest lights (golden foliage masses). Squint and you see strong horizontal dark-light alternation: dark foreground, bright field, dark sky, bright trees. The field itself contains subtle value shifts from warmer golds in the near-middle ground to cooler, more muted tones receding left; this groundwork creates atmospheric depth without harsh contrast.
observed palette and mixes
#80866e
Prussian blue + Yellow ochre + Titanium white (more blue-heavy for depth)
Upper sky, dominant atmospheric color creating the cool green-teal backdrop
#725327
Yellow ochre + Burnt umber + touch of Sap green
Mid-field, the golden-brown plowed earth in the middle ground transition zone
#716c4b
Yellow ochre + Burnt umber + Sap green (muted olive)
Field shadows and receding planes, subtle value shifts in the lower landscape
#362b18
Prussian blue + Burnt umber + touch of black (or pure dark brown-black)
Tree trunks, animal silhouette, darkest accents and shadows
#52503b
Burnt umber + Sap green + Titanium white
Deep foreground shadow, establishing the dark ground plane closest to viewer
edges and brushwork
Foliage is rendered with loose, directional brushstrokes that suggest form rather than define it—golden and ochre masses are built with horizontal and organic marks that read as trees from distance but show individual stroke character up close. Tree trunks are painted relatively simply and crisply against the sky, with hard edges defining their silhouettes. The field demonstrates visible horizontal brushwork with slight color variation that creates surface texture without fussy detail; transitions between values are soft and blended in places, particularly where field meets sky.
a working sequence
Establish the sky foundation
Cover the upper half with your teal-green mix—roughly equal parts Prussian blue and yellow ochre, tempered with white to a soft, slightly greenish tone. This should be mid-value, not loud. Work quickly and loosely; this is your atmospheric backdrop. Let it fade slightly warmer (less blue, more ochre) toward the horizon line.
Block in the field ground
Using yellow ochre with touches of burnt umber and sap green, paint the entire field area—the bright, plowed-earth zone running roughly from middle to lower-middle of the canvas. This should be warmer and lighter than the sky. Notice how it catches more light; suggest subtle horizontal directional marks with your brush.
Establish tree positions and dark masses
Using your darkest brown-black mix, place the two main tree trunks: the gnarled central trunk (bent and branching sharply upward-left) in the center-left, and a straighter trunk center-right. Block in their approximate trunk shapes simply; don't fuss. Behind them, suggest the distant tree line on the left with small darks.
Paint foliage masses in golden yellows
Use yellow ochre, often straight or with minimal mixing, applied in loose horizontal and organic strokes to build the golden foliage canopies. The central tree's foliage spreads upper-left and downward; the right tree's foliage is more compact and vertical. Leave gaps where dark sky shows between and within the foliage—don't fill solidly. Vary your ochre with touches of sap green in shadow areas (especially within the foliage masses and where they meet the trunks).
Deepen field shadows and add foreground dark
Darken the foreground (bottom quarter) with a deep brown-green shadow mix—burnt umber + sap green + touch of blue. This should be notably darker than the mid-field. Add subtle darker strokes in the field itself, especially where shadow would fall from the tree trunks (not literal tree shadow, but value shifts suggesting ground plane recession). The darkest area should be bottom-center and right.
Place the grazing animal figure
In the lower-center area, paint a small dark silhouette (roughly 1-2% of canvas width) using your darkest mix. This is a cow or horse grazing—keep it simple, just a suggestion of a form. This figure anchors the foreground and gives scale to the vast landscape.
Refine foliage character and edges
Return to the foliage masses with a drier brush; add warmer ochre highlights (pure yellow ochre or ochre + white) where light catches the top-left of each tree's canopy. Soften some edges of foliage where it meets sky (especially on the right tree); keep the central tree's foliage more ragged and featured. Lean into the loose, gestural quality—you're suggesting the structure, not photographic rendering.
Adjust values and unify the whole
Step back and compare: Does the teal sky read as a cohesive plane? Does the field recede convincingly from foreground to horizon? Touch up any transitions between field and sky that feel abrupt. Soften the distant tree line on the left (it should be hazier, more muted). If the animal figure reads too isolated, add a tiny suggestion of shadow or ground variation around its base. Final pass: ensure the golden foliage glows against the cool sky—if needed, warm the foliage slightly or cool the sky just a touch more to maximize the color temperature contrast.
where studies of this painting go wrong
measured difficulty
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